Recent origin

L v ndin. Lavandin, Lavandula hjbrida as a plant species is of recent origin, unknown until the late 1920s. It is a hybrid of two common lavenders, l vandula officinalis and l vandula latifolia. Lavandin is cultivated mainly ia southern France and has become one of the most produced and used natural perfumery materials. The flowering tops of the shmb are used to produce a concrete, an absolute, and a steam-distilled oil the last is by far the most used. Low cost and refreshing odor quaUty allow lavandin to be employed ia a wide variety of perfume appHcations and at high concentrations. Chemically it is comprised of 30—32% linalool (3) and linalyl acetate (1), along with numerous other substances, mosdy terpenic. 

The continuum theory of deformation of elastic solids is old and well developed [65T01, 74T01], and, in its linear version, is widely applied. Nonlinear theory is of much more recent origin. Most application of nonlinear theory has been to the behavior of highly deformable materials such as rubber or to the explanation of subtle effects observed by precise ultrasonic... 

This operation has been examined to a considerably lesser extent than most of the other gas-liquid-particle operations, presumably because it is of relatively recent origin and because it has, thus far, been applied on a commercial scale in only a few cases. 

In order to provide students with a manageable list of references we have resorted to the use of citations from textbooks and reviews. We therefore apologize to the large number of original investigators whose publications are not cited. Some recent original papers have been included to provide current information. 

The precise structural role played by the water molecules in these cements is not clear. In the zinc oxychloride cement, water is known to be thermally labile. The 1 1 2 phase will lose half of its constituent water at about 230 °C, and the 4 1 5 phase will lose water at approximately 160 C to yield a mixture of zinc oxide and the 1 1 2 phase. Water clearly occurs in these cements as discrete molecules, which presumably coordinate to the metal ions in the cements in the way described previously. However, the possible complexities of structure for these systems, which may include chlorine atoms in bridging positions between pairs of metal atoms, make it impossible to suggest with any degree of confidence which chemical species or what structural units are likely to be present in such cements. One is left with the rather inadequate chemical descriptions of the phases used in even the relatively recent original literature on these materials, from which no clear information on the role of water can be deduced. 

Since many of the developments in modern liquid chromatography are of recent origin the nomenclature commonly used is less standardized than that of gas chromatography [188]. Wc have Mde an arbitrary selection of the terms we prefer to use in this book along with some other common alternatives in Table 1.13. 

Crystalline 1,4-anhydro-D-sorbitol is of much more recent origin than 1,4-anhydro-D-mannitol, inasmuch as its preparation was first recorded in 1946.10 It was obtained by the restricted dehydration of D-sorbitol and has been given the trivial name arlitan. Two groups of workers simultaneously effected proof of its constitution. Hockett and coworkers11 treated the anhydride with lead tetraacetate and since its rate of oxidation coincided with that of ethyl D-galactofuranoside and since one molecular proportion of formaldehyde was formed, the authors concluded that the ring must involve Cl and C4 of a hexitol chain. Assuming that no other carbon atoms are involved, sorbitan is either 1,4-anhydro-D-sorbitol or 1,4-anhydro-D-dulcitol (Walden inversion at C4 of the sorbitol molecule). They therefore synthesized 3,6-anhydro-D-dulcitol (enantio-morphous with 1,4-anhydro-L-dulcitol) but found it to be different from arlitan. 

Polymers nowadays are not difficult to prepare because of the easy availability of the raw materials. Most of the Synthetic polymers are of recent origin but they have made an impact on our daily life. They have found extensive applications in textile fibres, rubber and rubber goods, building materials, packaging, fancy decorating articles and ion-exchange resins. 

Although some efficacious drugs have been known for centuries, such as the antimalarial quinine first used in 1639, most important discoveries are of more recent origin. Smallpox vaccine was discovered around 1800, morphine in 1820, aspirin in 1894, and phenobarbital in 1912. But the discovery of the antibacterial activity of sulfur drugs in 1932 and penicillin in 1940 started the golden era of rapid expansion and discovery in the industry. Nearly all important drugs today have been discovered since 1940, some very recently. 

These are specialized flares which are of recent origin. The readers may consult books exclusively devoted to flares in order to get more details on the formulations, performance parameters and mechanism of operation. 

There are several books dealing with explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics, but much of the latest information on High Energy Materials (HEMs) of recent origin is scattered in the literature as research/review papers. This book is the first of its kind in which the knowledge on materials hitherto accumulated over the past 50 years in the literature has been carefully blended with latest developments in advanced materials, and articulated to highlight their potential from the point of view of end-use. 

The successful application of the Doering-Moore-Skattebol reaction to the preparation of relatively small-ring heteroorganic cycloallenes is of recent origin. A specific example is provided by 6,6-dichloro- and 6,6-dibromo-3-oxa-bicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane, respectively, which yield l-oxa-3,4-cyclohexadiene when treated with n-butyllithium at low temperatures. The formation of the allene was proven by various trapping experiments [89],... 

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