Sample sites

A good example of a prescriptive approach to quality assessment is the protocol outlined in Figure 15.2, published by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for laboratories involved in monitoring studies of water and wastewater. Independent samples A and B are collected simultaneously at the sample site. Sample A is split into two equal-volume samples, and labeled Ai and A2. Sample B is also split into two equal-volume samples, one of which, Bsf, is spiked with a known amount of analyte. A field blank. Dp, also is spiked with the same amount of analyte. All five samples (Ai, A2, B, Bsf, and Dp) are preserved if necessary and transported to the laboratory for analysis. 

CERCLA Site Discharges to POTWs CERCLA Site Sampling Program -Detailed Data Report, May 1990 540/2-90-008 ERIC W515 NTIS PB91-921270. 

Post-treatment soil and earthworm samples were collected from all sites on Day 0 (application day), 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,16 and 24 on treated sites. Samples on Day 0 were collected within 3h of chemical application. Soil from control sites was sampled on Day 7 post-application only. One in-furrow soil sample from each control station was collected and the six samples were pooled. Within a given field, earthworms from each of the six stations were composited for analysis by combining all in-furrow samples into one composite and all between-furrow samples into another. Earthworms from control sites were sampled in-furrow on Day 8 and 16 post-planting only. 

Site/sample type (year) Depth, cm Number of samples Concentration Units Type Reference... 

Site/sample type Year samples (mBq/m3) (pCi/m3) Type ... 

Health advisories have been issued near Lawrence, Kansas, based on chlordane levels in edible fish tissues. In fish from the Kansas River, Kansas, in 1986, chlordanes were detected more frequently and at higher levels than other contaminants measured (Arruda et al. 1987). More than 80% of the sites sampled in Kansas had detectable chlordanes in fish at more than 50% of these sites, levels exceeded 0.1 mg/kg fresh weight — a guideline for the protection of predatory fish. At three urban sites in Kansas, concentrations of chlordanes in fish have approached or exceeded... 

The method for U-tube sample retrieval is determined by the end use of the collected fluid. For the relatively shallow fluid collection at Nye County s Amargosa Valley Site and at the High Lake Site, samples were driven to the surface using compressed N2 gas supplied in standard G size ( 8000 I) industrial cylinders. At both the Amargosa and High Lake site, samples were collected at 1 bar and there was no attempt to maintain sterile sampling conditions. 

Methods have been described for determining chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in soil and chemical waste disposal site samples. The latter method involves a simple hexane extraction and temperature programmed gas chromatographic analysis using electron capture detection and high resolution glass capillary columns. Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to confirm the presence of the chlorocarbons in the samples [4],... 

Mirex was detected in 18% of the 1980 samples (maximum concentration, 210 pg/kg [ppb] mean concentration, 0.01 pg/g) and in 13% of the 1984 samples (maximum concentration, 440 pg/kg [ppb] mean concentration, 10 pg/kg). The highest mirex concentrations were detected in whole fish taken from Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence River, and the southeastern United States, all areas where mirex had been manufactured or used (Schmitt et al. 1990). In the recent EPA National Study of Chemical Contaminants in Fish, mirex was detected at 38% of 362 sites sampled. The mean mirex concentration was 3.86 pg/kg (ppb) and the maximum concentration was 225 pg/kg (ppb). The highest concentrations of mirex were detected in fish collected in the Lake Ontario area of New York State (EPA 1992a). 

JUNK AND RICHARD Disposal Sites Sampling and Analyses... 

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