Lactogen

Placental lactogens Plagioclase Planchette counting Planck s constant Planck s law Plane tree Planiblock Planography Plantago ovata Plantains... 

Chorionic Somatomammotropin. Three genes encode human chorionic somatomammotropin [11085-36-2] (hCS). These are located within a cluster of genes on human chromosome 17 which code for pituitary growth hormone [12629-01 -5] (GH-N), placental GH [109675-94-7J (GH-V), and three hCS molecules, ie, hCS-A, hCS-B, and hCS-V (1 3), also referred to as human placental lactogens. All of these molecules ate closely related to GH in stmcture (Fig. 1). Placental lactogens also exist in rodents and mminants however, these hormones are more closely related to prolactin than GH. 

Antibodies have been generated which produce immunoassays that discriminate between GH-V and GH-N. These assay systems have shown that the secretion of GH-V becomes elevated at about three weeks of pregnancy and increases to approximately 15 ng/mL near term (8). The physiological role of GH-V is uncertain. Genetic deficiency of GH-V does not adversely affect pregnancy or fetal development (9). GH-V is a potent growth-stimulator but possesses considerably less lactogenic activity than GH-N (10). There are no clinical appHcations (ca 1993) for GH-V. 

Human growth hormone is a very complex molecule biologically. Several diverse biological activities such as anaboHc, insulin-like, diabetogenic, and lactogenic activities have been ascribed to hGH, which also appears to promote water and salt retention. An in-depth discussion of these activities may be found in several excellent reviews available in the Hterature (34—36). 

The pituitary, as well as the hypothalamic hormones, also contribute to VN development. A transient prolactin receptor (PRLR) is expressed in the late foetal rat. At El8, there is positive staining for this binding protein along the lumenal border the reaction is restricted to the medial (sensory) zone [Freemark et al, Fig. 6(d), 1996]. These sites possibly function in the detection of endogenous lactogenic ligands such as PL-I and PL-II. The VNORs also occupy microvillous sites in this area, but the precise developmental role of PRLR in the early AOS is unknown. The modulatory influence of prolactin is well established after puberty in mammals as a reproductive determinant (Chap. 5). In a more central role, it acts on the EOG recorded from the accessory area of the bulb in newts (Toyoda, 2000). 

Placental lactogen Prolactin receptor Extracellular domain Monomeric 1 2... 

Reported applications of DSS include crosslinking the A and B subunits of ricin (Montesano et al., 1982), studying human somatotropin and the components of the lactogenic-binding sites of rat liver (Caamano et al., 1983), crosslinking CSF-1 to its cell-surface receptor (Morgan... 

Barbour, H.M. (1976) Development of an enzyme immunoassay for human placental lactogen using labelled antibodies./. Immunol. Meth. 11, 15. 

Caamano, C.A., Fernandez, H.N., and Paladani, A.C. (1983) Specificity of covalently stabilized complexes of 1251-labeled human somatotropin and components of the lactogenic binding sites of rat liver. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 115, 29-37. 

The lactogenic hormone of the pituitary is one that has been known for a relatively long time and has been purified. The hormonal control of lactation and of the development of the mammary glands is complicated by several endocrine interactions, but the lactogenic hormone is a potent and highly important agent. 

Morphologically, this is demonstrated by the development of a multinuclear syncytium with apical microvilli [49], while functional differentiation is associated with induction and synthesis of hormones, such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human placental lactogen (hPL) [50, 51]. Cultures of primary cytotrophoblasts have been used to study functional expression of P-gp, amino acid uptake, and hormonal stimulation of amino acid uptake and... 

R.G. Richards, S.M. Hartman, and S. Handwerger. Human cytotrophoblast cells cultured in maternal serum progress to a differentiated syncytial phenotype expressing both human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen. Endocrinology. 135 321-329 (1994). 

Germ cell tumors Chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein, placental lactogen, placental alkaline phosphatase... 

Human prolactin is similar in structure to human growth hormone, and both are good lactogens. In women, prolactin acts with other hormones on the mammary gland during pregnancy to develop lactation and after birth to maintain it. Hyperprolactinemia causes impotence in men and amenorrhea and infertility in women. Chronically elevated levels of circulating prolactin are associated with suppression of 17-p-estradiol and testosterone production in the ovaries and testes. 

Markoff M, Talamantes F (1981) Serum placental lactogen in mice in relation to day of gestation and number of conceptuses. Biol Reprod 24 846-851... 

Knockout of the prolactin receptor, rather than knockout of prolactin, is necessary to explore the role of the hormone and its receptor in maternal behavior because several molecules other than prolactin, including growth hormone (GH) and placental lactogens, may stimulate the prolactin receptor. Disruption of the prolactin receptor gene in a mouse model has allowed for assessment of phenotypes associated with partial and complete prolactin receptor deficits (Goffin et ah, 1999). Prolactin receptor knockout mice have severe reproductive deficits. Heterozygous mothers (receptor —/+) were also unable to lactate (Bridges, 1998). 

The difficulties encountered in the analysis of short peptides are reflected by the paucity of publications describing the elucidation of the amino acid sequence of short peptides with the aid of volatile buffers. Such buffers have been employed by Niall et al. 3,54) for their investigations on lactogenic and growth hormone. However, a detailed description of the experimental conditions and the results obtained has yet to be awaited. 

Lamphear, B.J., Jilka, J.M., Kesl, L., Welter, M., Howard, J.A., and Streatfield, S.J. (2004). A corn-based delivery system for animal vaccines an oral transmissible gastroenteritis virus vaccine boosts lactogenic immunity in swine. Vaccine 22(19) 2420-2424. 

A corn-based delivery system for animal vaccines an oral transmissible gastroenteritis virus vaccine boosts lactogenic immunity in swine. Vaccine 22(19) 2420-2424. 

Antiaris toxicaris (Pers.) Lesch. Jian Xui Fuan Hou (seed) Alpha-antiarin, alpha-antioside, convallatoxm, bogoroside, strophalloside, peripalloside.35 A cardiotonic, emetic, lactogenic, antipyretic. Treat dysentery. 

The mammary gland consists of the external nipple and the system of ducts from the alveoli to the skin surface. The alveoli do not fully develop until a female experiences pregnancy and lactation. Cortisol, insulin and placental lactogen contribute to alveolar development, but estrogen and progesterone are most important. The cells that line the alveoli synthesize milk, and they are surrounded by a layer of myoepithelial cells that eject the milk. 

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