Placental lactogen

Germ cell tumors Chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein, placental lactogen, placental alkaline phosphatase... 

Human placental lactogen Placental site trophoblastic tumor Trophoblasts... 

Placental lactogens Plagioclase Planchette counting Planck s constant Planck s law Plane tree Planiblock Planography Plantago ovata Plantains... 

Chorionic Somatomammotropin. Three genes encode human chorionic somatomammotropin [11085-36-2] (hCS). These are located within a cluster of genes on human chromosome 17 which code for pituitary growth hormone [12629-01 -5] (GH-N), placental GH [109675-94-7J (GH-V), and three hCS molecules, ie, hCS-A, hCS-B, and hCS-V (1 3), also referred to as human placental lactogens. All of these molecules ate closely related to GH in stmcture (Fig. 1). Placental lactogens also exist in rodents and mminants however, these hormones are more closely related to prolactin than GH. 

Placental lactogen Prolactin receptor Extracellular domain Monomeric 1 2... 

Barbour, H.M. (1976) Development of an enzyme immunoassay for human placental lactogen using labelled antibodies./. Immunol. Meth. 11, 15. 

Morphologically, this is demonstrated by the development of a multinuclear syncytium with apical microvilli [49], while functional differentiation is associated with induction and synthesis of hormones, such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human placental lactogen (hPL) [50, 51]. Cultures of primary cytotrophoblasts have been used to study functional expression of P-gp, amino acid uptake, and hormonal stimulation of amino acid uptake and... 

R.G. Richards, S.M. Hartman, and S. Handwerger. Human cytotrophoblast cells cultured in maternal serum progress to a differentiated syncytial phenotype expressing both human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen. Endocrinology. 135 321-329 (1994). 

Markoff M, Talamantes F (1981) Serum placental lactogen in mice in relation to day of gestation and number of conceptuses. Biol Reprod 24 846-851... 

Knockout of the prolactin receptor, rather than knockout of prolactin, is necessary to explore the role of the hormone and its receptor in maternal behavior because several molecules other than prolactin, including growth hormone (GH) and placental lactogens, may stimulate the prolactin receptor. Disruption of the prolactin receptor gene in a mouse model has allowed for assessment of phenotypes associated with partial and complete prolactin receptor deficits (Goffin et ah, 1999). Prolactin receptor knockout mice have severe reproductive deficits. Heterozygous mothers (receptor —/+) were also unable to lactate (Bridges, 1998). 

The mammary gland consists of the external nipple and the system of ducts from the alveoli to the skin surface. The alveoli do not fully develop until a female experiences pregnancy and lactation. Cortisol, insulin and placental lactogen contribute to alveolar development, but estrogen and progesterone are most important. The cells that line the alveoli synthesize milk, and they are surrounded by a layer of myoepithelial cells that eject the milk. 

Placental lactogen Polypeptide (191 residues) i Similar to prolactin... 

Along this line Matsue et al. [37,45,78,79] have developed a number of biochips. Among them are multi-analyte assays for human placental lactogen (HPL) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) [45] and leukocidin, a toxic protein produced by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [79]. Figure 37.8 shows an example of a dual immunoassay with SECM detection. The analyte is defined by the position on the chip and the amount of analyte is quantified via the collection current at the UME. The current originates from the reduction of ferrocinium methanol (Fc+) at the UME. Fc+ is produced locally at the chip surface by the enzyme HRP under consumption of H202. 

Macromolecular substances with multiple antigenic determinant [Ag] can be determined by agglutination of particles which are coated with specific antibodies [Pa-Ab Ag Ab-Pa]. This method can detect immunoglobulins, human placental lactogens, a-fetoprotein, etc. The sensitivity is approximately 10 (xg/liter. Alternatively, antigen-coated particles are used these particles agglutinate with antibodies. Thus, antibodies can be determined by this system. Cambiaso et al. reported automated determination of immune complexes by their inhibitory effect on the agglutination of IgG-coated particles by rheumatoid factor or Clq (C3). 

The automated system of the particle counting immunoassay is now commercially available as the product impact (Immunoassay by Particle Counting), which can measure C-reactive protein, ferritin, human placental lactogen, thyroxine, a-fetoprotein (C7), IgE (M2), digoxin (C6), somatotropin (C5), and others. 

Other members of the GH-prolactin family include the placental lactogens and a prolactin-like protein, proliferin. A placental lactogen is produced in large amounts... 

Another recently discovered member of the GH-prolactin family is the prolactinlike protein proliferin. This was first shown to to produced by actively proliferating (but not quiescent) mouse fibroblasts [13] but is now known to be present also in the mouse placenta, although it is distinct from the mouse placental lactogens. 

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