Growth hormone, pituitary

Nickel ions have been shown to depress the in vivo and in vitro release of prolactin [336], while the release of growth hormone was stimulated, and only at relatively high ion concentrations. Hyperglycemia occurs in rats following intraperitoneal or intratracheal injections of NiCl2 [265, 337, 338], The mechanism of action of nickel appears to be inhibition of insulin release this inhibition could be related to the extremely high concentration of nickel found in the pituitary and the effect on the secretion of the pituitary hormones (growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone). 

Anterior pituitary hormones, Anterior pituitary-like hormones. Posterior pituitary hormones. Human growth hormone. 

This section of the chapter discusses FSH, LH, GH, and ACTH. FSH and LH are called gonadotropins because they influence the gonads (the organs of reproduction). GH, also called somatotropin, contributes to the growth of the body during childhood, especially the growth of muscles and bones. ACTH is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete the corticosteroids. The anterior pituitary hormone, TSH, is discussed in Chapter 51. Prolactin, which is also secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulates the production of breast milk in the postpartum patient Additional functions of prolactin are not well understood. Prolactin is the only anterior pituitary hormone that is not used medically. 

Hippocampus Region primarily concerned with learning and short-term memory. Hypothalamus Part of the diencephalon comprising several nuclei where hormones such as oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are S5mthesized and pass to the pituitary gland. Involved in the regulation of the peripheral autonomic system and pituitary hormones such as prolactin, growth hormone and adrenocorticotrophic hormone. 

The episodic release of growth hormone is the most pronounced among the pituitary hormones. Serum levels between bursts of release are usually low (<5... 

F. Role in therapy Somatropin (rDNA origin) is a safe alternative to growth hormone derived from human pituitary glands, which carries the risk of viral contamination. Pituitary-derived growth hormone has been withdrawn from the... 

ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES Human growth hormone (HGH)... 

All the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary except prolactin (PRL) are key participants in hormonal systems in which they regulate the production by peripheral tissues of hormones that perform the ultimate regulatory functions. In these systems, the secretion of the pituitary hormone is under the control of a hypothalamic hormone. Each hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine gland system or axis provides multiple opportunities for complex neuroendocrine regulation of growth, development, and reproductive functions. 

As well as the sex hormones already mentioned (see above), many other hormones seem to affect the metabolism of foreign compounds and therefore may have effects on toxicity. A number of pituitary hormones may directly, as well as indirectly, affect metabolism, for example, growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin. Thus, hypophysectomy in male rats results in a general decrease in metabolism, but the effects of some of the individual hormones may depend on the sex of the animal and the particular enzyme or metabolic pathway. For example, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) administration decreases oxidative metabolism in males but increases N-demethylation in female rats. Removal of the adrenal gland reduces metabolism, such as ethylmorphine demethylation and aniline 4-hydroxylation, and this can... 

Pituitary - [HORMONES - POSTERIORPITUITARYHORMONES] (Vol 13) -human growth hormone from [HORMONES - HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE] (Vol 13)... 

In a cohort study in 1848 British patients who received human pituitary-derived growth hormone from 1959 to 1985 (30 000 patient-years), there were two cases of colorectal cancer (0.25 expected) and two cases of Hodgkin s disease (0.85 expected) the standardized mortality ratios were 10.8 and 11.4 respectively (103). However, the number of cancers was small and the doses used were higher than typically today, and these results should be interpreted with caution. 

Anterior Lobe. The anterior pituitary, or adenohypophysis, secretes six important peptide hormones. The anterior pituitary releases growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and prolactin (Pr). The physiologic effects of these hormones are listed in Table 28-1. 

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