Lack of standard

Insofar as Ultrasonic Array probes have come onto the market from several years and are now moving from prototype stages into industrial tools for on-site inspections, methods and tools for acoustic characterization is becoming a real concern. Furthermore, the lack of standards, either national or European, enhances the needs for guidelines proposal. 

The type of food and its processing affect flavoring efficiency therefore, flavor materials must be taste-tested in the food itself. Because there has been a lack of standardization of testing techniques, a committee on sensory evaluation of the Institute of Food Technologists has offered a guide (112) which is designed to help in developing standard procedures. 

A wide variety of size-reduction equipment is available. The chief reasons for lack of standardization are the variety of products to be ground and product quahties demanded, the limited amount of useful grinding theory, and the requirements by different industries in the economic balance between investment cost and operating cost. Some differences exist for the sake of difference sometimes similarities are advertised as differences [Rumpf, Chem. Jng. Tech., 37(3), 187-202 (1965)]. 

It is therefore easy to see why this current drug safety paradigm, with its lack of standards in data collection and analysis, hinders the analysis of adverse events. Without data standards in place, it is difficult to build practical, reusable tools for systematic safety analysis. With no standard tools, truly standardized analyses cannot occur. Reviewers may forget their initial analytical processes if they are not using standardized data and tools. Comprehensive reproducibility and auditability, therefore, become nearly impossible. In practice, the same data sets and analytical processes cannot be easily reused, even by the same reviewers who produced the original data sets and analyses. Not using standardized tools slows the real-time systematic analysis... 

Unfortunately, many clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of dietary supplements are flawed. Some of the flaws in the studies include non-randomization, being unblinded, lack of standardized products, small sample sizes, short treatment durations, and poorly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Many studies do not give detailed information about the dietary supplement used. When an herb is studied, the following information should be described plant species, part(s) used, product form (e.g., powdered crude herb, aqueous extract, ethanol extract, or aqueous alcohol extract) with stated proportions of water to alcohol, specifically extracted fractions, and quantities or concentrations used [48]. 

Most methods depend upon the direct removal of water from oxalic acid crystals by the application of heat.2 The weakness of this lies chiefly in a lack of standardization. 

The European markets for home automation are fragmented and suffer from a lack of standardization. Currently this market is divided into different sectors ... 

Lack of standardization and limited documentation of indigenous technologies and practices. 

Alternatively, bromination of the corresponding octylphenol carbox-ylate has also been described as an efficient way to synthesise brominated alkylphenoxy carboxylates [26,39]. Because of the lack of standards the presence of brominated carboxyalkylphenoxy ethoxy carboxylates (BrCAPEC) in a tertiary-treated wastewater effluent has been reported on a semiquantitative basis [30]. 

Measurement of QT interval Definition of the end of the T wave. Changes in T wave morphology and occurrence of U waves (these may be important warning signs and precede the occurrence of TdP) Errors in manual measurement in QT interval Variability in the heart rate (need to correct the QT value for heart rate) Lack of reliable correlation between readings from Holter recordings and standard ECG Lack of standardization of automated ECG readings (computerized methods are often unreliable) Need for a central core laboratory to analyze data... 

Finally, clinical chemistry of Lp(a) and apolipoprotein (a) is characterized by a variety of problems, caused by the structural complexity and heterogeneity of Lp(a), the homology of apo(a) with plasminogen, and the lack of standardization of analytical methods. 

Baldo-Enzi (Bl) compared the results of five different commercial immunoassays (a two-site RIA, an endpoint nephelometric assay, and three different ELlSAs) for freshly drawn serum and for plasminogen-free fractions (obtained by one-step ultracentrifugation). He observed a variable influence of plasminogen on the results of the Lp(a) determination and found no comparability between the five types of assays. This was partly due to lack of standardization. The different assays were more comparable when the plasminogen-free fraction was used. 

At present, despite the advantages offered by the buccal delivery route, such as the bypass of intestinal and hepatic first-pass metabolism for systemic delivery, very few pharmaceutical products employ this route of administration. The reasons that contribute to this situation include (1) high costs associated with development, (2) lack of standardized tests to identify drug candidates suitability for this route, (3) the limited understanding of the impact of metabolism and/or transporters found in the oral cavity mucosa on buccal delivery, and (4) the relatively small number of reports describing the usefulness and safety of excipients/permeation enhancers in humans [82, 83], Therefore, the... 

However, the major limitations of instrumental analysis for marine biotoxins are, first sometimes the lack of standards, second the required time of analysis, are expensive techniques to be applied in routine analysis but the main limitation is the lack of information about the possible presence of other nontarget marine biotoxins. 

There are a number of factors contributing to this discrepancy, such as a lack of standardization in specimen preparation, the loading method, the measurement and data reduction methods. Details of major contributors to the large data scatter are summarized for each testing method in the following ... 

This lack of standards was resolved in the second half of the 19th centniy with the signatnre of the Meter Convention. This convention is a diplomatic treaty, which was signed in Paris (France) on 20 May 1875. This treaty establishes the International System of Units (SI) for the signatory countries. Currently 52 countries (all the major industrialized countries) have signed the treaty, and 36 countries are associate members. 

Several potent fractions isolated from laboratory cultures of brevis have been prepared by a number of research groups, but due to a lack of standardized nomenclature, the number of toxins produced by the organism is uncertain. The structures for three "brevetoxins" have now been reported(15-17). BTX-B, the major toxin reported by Lin al.(15)(Figure 2a), is thought to be identical to GB-2 isolated earlier by Shimizu(16). Likewise, T34 isolated from our laboratory cultures of the organism( ), is also thought to be identical to GB-2. GB-3, isolated by Chou and Shimizu(17), was identified as Fig-... 

Metabolites of 2-hexanone in biological materials are difficult to determine in routine practice because of the lack of standardized methods for their measurement. As shown in Table 6-1, there are very few well characterized methods for the determination of metabolites of 2-hexanone in biological materials (Nomeir and Abou-Donia 1985 White et al. 1979). The precision, accuracy, reliability, and specificity of existing methods need to be evaluated, and the methods refined and adapted to routine practice. 

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