Kvaerner

Kvaerner John Brown developed the Super Treat process addressing the H2S inhibition on HDS and favoring the desulfurization on refractory compounds [92], To begin with, they realized that more than 90% of the total produced H2S takes place in the first reaction stage, from the HDS of the most reactive S-compounds. Kvaerner technology... 

Dr K R Maycock Kvaerner Chemetics, 1818 Cornwall Avenue, Vancouver, B.C., V6J 1C7, Canada. Commercialisation of Kvaerner Chemetics Sulphate Removal System. 

E-mail ken.maycock kvaerner.com chuck.kotzo kvaerner.com... 

The Gladstone plant is a Kvaerner Chemetics plant of 9000 tonnes per annum capacity commissioned in 1990 and using ICI FM-21 SP electrolysers. Electrolyser... 

The three tenders submitted were all of a very high standard and achieved Orica s requirements and specifications. The tender selected was therefore based on lowest net operating cost and was awarded to Kvaerner Chemetics in conjunction with Chlorine Engineers Corporation for electrolyser supply. Kvaerner Chemetics also separately contracted Kvaerner Process Australia to provide local construction management and some local design expertise. 

Subsequent to awarding the contract for the two chlor-alkali plants to Kvaerner Chemetics, Orica contracted with Kvaerner Process Australia to provide services for the chlor-paraffin plant and Outside Battery Limits activities associated with the new Melbourne site, as this would bring synergies to the total project as well as potential cost savings. 

Use of Kvaerner Chemetics proprietary sulphate removal technology. 

Commercialisation of Kvaerner Chemetics Sulphate Removal System... 

Kvaerner Chemetics have developed a novel, patented process [1] for the removal of multivalent anions from concentrated brine solutions. The prime market for this process is the removal of sodium sulphate from chlor-alkali and sodium chlorate brine systems. The sulphate ion in a brine solution can have a detrimental effect on ion-exchange membranes used in the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide consequently tight limits are imposed on the concentration of sulphate ions in brine. As brine is continuously recycled from the electrolysers back to the saturation area, progressively more and more sulphate ions are dissolved and build up quickly in concentration to exceed the allowable process limits. A number of processes have been designed to remove sulphate ions from brine. Most of these methods are either high in capital or operating cost [2] or have large effluent flows. 

The new Kvaerner Chemetics process is low in both capital and operating costs and the effluent purge is significantly reduced. The process is based on a technique known as nanofiltration and the equipment is normally installed in a dechlorinated brine-side stream (see Fig. 11.1). 

An industrial grade, skid-mounted unit (see Fig. 11.2) has been operating successfully at Occidental Chemical s Delaware City mercury cell plant since September 1997. Operating results have met both the expectations of the client and Kvaerner. This chapter discusses the operating experience at OxyChem and the resulting optimised commercial product, the Kvaerner Chemetics Sulphate Removal System or SRS . The acceptance in the market-place has been excellent four systems have been ordered and three are in the process of manufacture, with operations commencing later in 2000. Approximately 50 firm price proposals have been issued in the past two years. Several of these evaluations are in the final stages and will lead to the sale of units in the near future. 

Fig. 11.1 Kvaerner Chemetics SRS in a typical membrane plant circu it. 

Fig. 11.2 Kvaerner Chemetics sulphate removal demonstration plant.

Rejection of sodium sulphate was exceptional at the lower temperatures but permeate recovery was low. The testing at 81°C fulfilled Kvaerner s need to reduce overall skid costs and provide good rejection with an acceptable recovery rate. The use of high temperature membranes has provided the means to optimise the number of membrane elements, reduce the equipment costs and ensure that the SRS skid is an economically attractive package. 

Having recently won the 1999 Product Achievement Award for Filter Applications from Filtration + Separation magazine, the SRS has become the state-of-the-art technology for sulphate removal. Development of the SRS enhances Kvaerner Chemetics record as a provider of cost-effective and environmentally friendly solutions for the chlor-alkali and sodium chlorate industries. 

Kvaerner Chemetics acknowledges the help and support of the staff of OxyChem, Delaware City, USA for their work and contributions to make the SRS a successful project. 

In the EDS II phase of the ACWA program, Eco Logic became the prime contractor for a team that also included Kvaerner Process Systems Inc., Foster Wheeler, and El Dorado Engineering. 

T0469 Kvaerner Metals, Resin-in-Pulp/Carbon-in-Pulp... 

Removal of carbon dioxide is the only membrane-based natural gas separation process currently practiced on a large scale—more than 200 plants have been installed, some very large. Most were installed by Grace (now Kvaerner-GMS), Separex (UOP) and Cynara and all use cellulose acetate membranes in hollow fiber or spiral-wound module form. More recently, hollow fiber polyaramide (Medal) membranes have been introduced because of their higher selectivity. 

In Europe, the TNO [27] and Kvaerner [19] are both developing contactors to remove water and carbon dioxide from natural gas. Glycol or amines are used as the absorbent fluid. The goal is to reduce the size and weight of the unit to allow use on offshore platforms, so oftentimes only the absorber, the largest piece of equipment in a traditional absorber/stripper, is replaced with a membrane contactor. Kvaerner has taken this technology to the demonstration phase and commercial units are expected to be introduced soon. 

Figure 15 Membrane absorption-based technology for removal of C02 from turbine exhaust gases, developed by Kvaerner Process Systems. (Courtesy Kvaerner.)...

Figure 16 Plant-size reduction in Kvaerner s technology for C02 removal from exhaust gases (a) conventional process (b) membrane absorption process. (Courtesy Kvaerner.)...

For C02 capture mostly PTFE membranes are used [5] as extractants aqueous solutions of different amines are used [6]. In the past, the use of membrane contactors to capture C02 has been studied by TNO in the Netherlands and by Kvaerner/Gore in Norway and Germany [7]. They have worked with tubular systems. They claim that working with flue gas from a power generation plant can recover 85% of C02. 

The Catalytic Rich Gas (CRG) technology from Kvaerner is an example of pre-reformer technology that can be licensed. This technology was developed by British Gas and was first used in 1964. In 2001 over 25 CRG pre-reformers were in operation. If desired, a pre-reduced CRG catalyst is available. ... 

Figvre 2021. Aduktic Nitrobenzene Prediction Process (Reprodicedby permission of Chemetics, a division of Aker Kvaerner Canada Inc.)... 

Although cyclohexane oxidation dominates the market, because of cheaper raw materials, the hydrogenation of phenol remains competitive, offering better selectivity with fewer environmental and safety problems. In addition, this process allows efficient valorization of phenol-rich wastes from coal industries. Recently built plants make use of this technology, as reported by the engineering group Aker-Kvaerner (www.kvaerner.com, 2004). The availability of low-price phenol is the most important element for profitability. Besides the well-known cumene process, a promising route is the selective oxidation of benzene with N20 on iron-modified ZSM-5 catalyst [12]. In this way, the price of phenol may become independent of the market of acetone. 

Carbon black can either be sequestered or used further by a number of industries, e.g. in the metallurgical industry or in the manufacturing of car tyres. This process has been developed commercially by the Norwegian firm KVAERNER ENGINEERING S.A. 

Kvaerner Process (UK), Ltd., Whiteley, Hants, United Kingdom... 

Fig. 18.27. Isooctane—Lyondell Chemical and Aker Kvaerner. Includes dimerization section and hydrogenation section. (Source Hydrocarbon Processing, 2004 Refining Process Handbook. CD-ROM. September 2004 copyright 2004 by Gulf Publishing Co., all rights reserved.)...

Should MTBE be banned, what would be the logical replacement(s) There are several options available. Several refiners opted to build MTBE capacity and avoid purchasing the ether on the open market. MTBE units were an option to use the facility s isobutylenes. Several licensed processes can be used to convert existing MTBE units. Kvaerner and Lyondell Chemical Co. offer technologies to convert an MTBE unit to produce iso-octane, as shown in Fig. 18.27.12 Snamprogetti SpA and CDTECH also have an iso-octene/iso-octane process. These processes can use various feedstocks such as pure iso-butane, steam-cracked C4 raffinate, 50/50 iso-butane/iso-butene feeds, and FCC butane-butane streams. The process selectively dimerizes C4 olefins to iso-octene and then hydrogenates the iso-octene (di-iso-butene) into iso-octane. The processes were developed to provide an alternative to MTBE. The dimerization reactor uses a catalyst similar to that for MTBE processes thus, the MTBE reactor can easily be converted to... 

BP and Kvaerner Process are finalizing the demonstration of their Compact Reformer Technology in 2001. This technology involves the integration of combustion, heat transfer,... 

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