Power generating plants

Laser-based profilometry systems have also been adapted for unique applications in nuclear power generating plants. Applications where quantitative information with regard to surface condition for mechanisms such as surface pitting and flow-assisted corrosion are candidates for this NDT method. 

Application performance data for Mammoth Lakes, CA geothermal power generating plants... 

Tall stacks are no longer considered to be an acceptable alternative for controlling emissions from electric power generating plants. (See further discussion in Chapter 26, Section V.)... 

Reliability Data Book for Components in Swedish Nuclear Power Plants Power, Nuclear 30,000-t recorded events Safety and commercial grade components, i.e. pumps, valves, diesels, filters, tanks, and heat exchangers from 4 nuclear and non nuclear power generating plants 70. 

The Swedish Thermal Power Reliability Data System (ATV) is maintained and managed by the Swedish State Power Board at Stockholm, Sweden. Engineering and reliability data have been collected from both nuclear and nonnuclear power generating plants. Nuclear data collection began in 1973. Collection of reliability data began in 1976. Over 30,000 events have been recorded in the data base. 

The main stationary sources of NO are gas turbines, fired heaters, power generation plants, and, of course, the FCC. The amount of NO produced is a function of residence time and combustion temperature. Combustion temperature is influenced by fuel composition. 

Corrosion by essentially pure steam arises principally in connection with power generating plant. Temperatures up to about 600°C in association with pressures up to about 15 MN/m are involved, although in the most advanced super-critical installations being planned for the future, temperatures of 650°C and pressures of 40MN/m are under consideration. The highest temperatures occur in the superheater tubes, but it is probable that the severest corrosion conditions on these components will arise from the presence of fuel ashes on the outside of the tubes rather than from the steam on the inside. Perhaps the most critical components in such installations will... 

Very large, modem WT boilers with sophisticated heat-recovery auxiliaries may attain efficiencies approaching 88 to 90%. However, the overall efficiency of a fossil fuel utility power generation plant system falls to only 32 to 38% when the efficiency of electricity generation and condenser cooling is included. Nevertheless, it only requires 10% more in fuel costs to operate a boiler at 1,250 psig than... 

For all types of boilers, from the most simple HW heaters to immense power generating plants, one of the most fundamental objectives of any water treatment program is (as stressed several times) to minimize boiler section waterside corrosion, especially those common types of corrosion involving oxygen. The actions taken to achieve this objective are generally the same, irrespective of boiler size or design. These actions include ... 

Kamimura, S., and T. Toita, 2004. Concept of Electric Power Output Control System for Atomic Power Generation Plant Utilizing Cool energy of Stored Snow. Presented... 

Reference 2 is a well written report that discusses power plant coal utilization in great detail. It gives a thermal efficiency of 80-83% for modem steam generation plants and 37-38% thermal efficiency for modem power generating plants at base load (about 70%). A modem base load plant designed for about 400 MW and up will run at steam pressures of 2,400 or 3,600 psi and 1,000°F with reheat to 1000°F and regenerative heating of feedwater by steam... 

Depending on the criticality and value additional fire suppression systems are provided for protection. NFPA 850 section 5-8.6 recommends that oil-filled station and start-up transformers at power generation plants be protected with a water or foamwater spray system. The most common installation is a fixed water spray. Where several transformers are provided, a firewall is commonly used to separate and protect one unit from another. 

Rules for this Part have been developed for hydrogen service included in petroleum refineries, refueling stations, chemical plants, power generation plants, semiconductor plants, cryogenic plants, hydrogen fuel appliances, and related facilities. 

When appropriate, the chain is extended further upstream to include production of brine, for example by solution mining. Also, because the chlor-alkali plant is a major user of electric power, it is sometimes convenient to include the power generation plant within the chain. For the purposes of this chapter, however, the definition of the vinyl chain shall be restricted to the five processes listed above (Fig. 21.1). 

Air preheaters employed in power generating plants are either the tubular or regenerative types. Both are periodically washed to remove deposits that accumulate. The frequency of washing is typically once per month however, frequency variations ranging from 5 to 180 washings per year are reported. Many preheaters are sectionalized so that heat transfer areas may be isolated and washed without shutdown of the entire unit. 

Figure 1 Potential sources of wastewater in a stream electric power generation plant. (Courtesy of USEPA.)...

The once-through cooling system flow rate range of 239 steam electric power generation plants using coal is 0.189-6,280,000 m /plant (mean 1,130,000 m / plant), which is equal to 0.001-209,000 mVMW (mean 4,310,000 m /MW). 

The most common source of nitrogen oxides, therefore, is high-temperature combustion processes, such as those that take place in automobiles and trucks, in electrical power generating plants, and in industrial processes. Residential sources, such as gas stoves and home heaters, are also responsible for the release of significant amounts of NO into the atmosphere. At the end of the 20th century, the EPA reported that motor vehicles were responsible for 49 percent of all NO released into the atmosphere in the United States ... 

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