Animal kidneys

Disposition Reteplase is primarily cleared by the liver and kidney. Animal studies suggest that reteplase is inactivated by blood components. 

Kidney Disease. - Zhong and colleagues have detected carbon-centred radical adducts of POBN in urine from rats subjected to IR of the kidney. Animals given glycine sustained lower levels of kidney damage than the control-treated animals. Glycine also caused a dramatic reduction in the concentration of radical adducts detected in the urine.346... 

Ingestion and inhalation of hexachlorobutadiene inhibits cells in the liver and kidney. Animal tests have shown both acute and chronic toxicides. The compound is a suspect human carcinogen. 

MDCK Dog cocker spaniel kidney Animal viruses - SVEV, Madin Darby... 

Cao, D., A. Kocabas, Z. Ju, A. Karsi, P. Li, A. Pataterson and Z. Liu. Transcriptome of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) initial analysis of genes and expression profiles of the head kidney. Anim. Genet. 32 169-188, 2001. 

De Luis E, Bilbao JI, Garcia-Jalon de Ciercoles JA et al (2007) In vivo evaluation of a new embolic spherical particle Hepasphere in a kidney animal model. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, in press... 

While in the bone, a very small amount of radiation is emitted but the radiation is very diffuse, so the bone marrow is not effectively irradiated. The uranyl ion does not readily interfere with any major biochemical process except for depositing in the tnbules of kidney. Animal experiments have shown that, in heavy doses, nranium can cause damage to kidneys. (56/04 2001)... 

Repeated exposures of animals to high (near-lethal) concentrations of vapors result in inflammation of the respiratory tract, as weU as degenerative changes in the Hver, kidneys, and heart muscle. These effects arise at concentrations far above those causing irritation. Such effects have not been reported in humans. The low odor threshold and irritating properties of acrylates cause humans to leave a contaminated area rather than tolerate the irritation. 

The principal organs involved in the peripheral clearance of hGH from the plasma are the kidney and fiver. hGH is cleared via glomerular filtration at the kidney and by a receptor-mediated mechanism at the fiver (58,59). In animal models, derivatives of hGH such as the 20,000 mol wt variant, oligomeric forms, and hGH complexed with GH-binding protein have been shown to be cleared from the semm at significandy lower rates than 22,000 mol wt hGH (60—62). The prolonged plasma half-life of these derivatives probably reflects a combination of decreased receptor affinity and size constraints on glomerular filtration. 

Hydraziae is toxic and readily absorbed by oral, dermal, or inhalation routes of exposure. Contact with hydraziae irritates the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Liquid splashed iato the eyes may cause permanent damage to the cornea. At high doses it can cause convulsions, but even low doses may result ia ceatral aervous system depressioa. Death from acute exposure results from coavulsioas, respiratory arrest, and cardiovascular coUapse. Repeated exposure may affect the lungs, Hver, and kidneys. Of the hydraziae derivatives studied, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) appears to be the least hepatotoxic monomethyl-hydrazine (MMH) seems to be more toxic to the kidneys. Evidence is limited as to the effect of hydraziae oa reproductioa and/or development however, animal studies demonstrate that only doses that produce toxicity ia pregaant rats result ia embryotoxicity (164). 

In experimental animals and in vitro, DHBs show a variety of biological effects including binding of metaboHtes to various proteins. Clastogenic effects have been observed in vitro and in some in vivo studies with the three compounds. No reproductive effects have been shown by conventional studies with either hydroquinone, catechol, or resorcinol (122). Hydroquinone has been shown to induce nephrotoxicity and kidney tumors at very high doses in some strains of rat (123) catechol induces glandular stomach tumors at very high dose (124). Repeated dermal appHcation of resorcinol did not induce cancer formation (125). 

Selenium. Selenium, thought to be widely distributed throughout body tissues, is present mostly as selenocysteine in selenoproteins or as selenomethionine (113,114). Animal experiments suggest that greater concentrations are in the kidney, Hver, and pancreas and lesser amounts are in the lungs, heart, spleen, skin, brain, and carcass (115). 

The potassium or calcium salt form of oxaUc acid is distributed widely ia the plant kingdom. Its name is derived from the Greek o>ys, meaning sharp or acidic, referring to the acidity common ia the foflage of certain plants (notably Oxalis and Mmex) from which it was first isolated. Other plants ia which oxahc acid is found are spinach, rhubarb, etc. Oxahc acid is a product of metabohsm of fungi or bacteria and also occurs ia human and animal urine the calcium salt is a principal constituent of kidney stones. 

In the tissues of animals, most thiamine is found as its phosphorylated esteis (4—6) and is piedominandy bound to enzymes as the pyrophosphate (5), the active coen2yme form. As expected for a factor involved in carbohydrate metaboHsm, the highest concentrations ate generally found in organs with high activity, such as the heart, kidney, Hver, and brain. In humans this typically amounts to 1—8 p.g/g of wet tissue, with lesser amounts in the skeletal muscles (35). A typical healthy human body may contain about 30 mg of thiamine in all forms, about 40—50% of this being in the muscles owing to their bulk. Almost no excess is stored. Normal human blood contains about 90 ng/mL, mostly in the ted cells and leukocytes. A value below 40 ng/mL is considered indicative of a possible deficiency. Amounts and proportions in the tissues of other animal species vary widely (31,35). 

Arsenic compounds must be considered extremely poisonous. Dust or fumes irritate mucous membranes and lead to arsenical poisoning. When swallowed they irritate the stomach and affect the heart, Hver, and kidneys. Nervousness, thirst, vomiting, diarrhea, cyanosis, and coUapse are among the symptoms of arsenical poisoning (3). In spite of the toxicity of arsenic compounds, there is evidence that arsenic is an essential nutrient for several animal species (4). 

The data from some single-dosage oral toxicity tests, expressed as LD q, are reported in Table 4. The values reported on the order of 1 g/kg or greater indicate a low acute oral toxicity. In animals, continued ingestion of chlorobenzenes over a long time can cause kidney and Hver damage. 

Choline was isolated from ox bile in 1849 by Strecker. During 1900 to 1920, observations led to interest in the vasodepressor properties of the esters of choline, and in the 1920s it was shown that acetylcholine was presumably the "vagus-substance." The nutritional importance of choline was recognized in the 1930s, when it was found that choline would prevent fatty infiltration of the Hver in rats. Subsequent observations showed that choline deficiency could produce cirrhosis (1) or hemorrhagic kidneys (2) in experimental animals under various conditions. 

In normal human subjects, ANP infusion for one hour causes increased absolute and fractional sodium excretion, urine flow, GFR, and water clearance (53—55). As shown in many in vitro and in vivo animal studies, ANP achieves this by direct effect on the sodium reabsorption in the inner medullary collecting duct, ie, by reducing vasopressin-dependent free-water and sodium reabsorption leading to diuresis and by indirect effect through increased hemodynamic force upon the kidney. ANP inhibits the release of renin and aldosterone resulting in the decreased plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration (56,57). 

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