Kidney tumor

In experimental animals and in vitro, DHBs show a variety of biological effects including binding of metaboHtes to various proteins. Clastogenic effects have been observed in vitro and in some in vivo studies with the three compounds. No reproductive effects have been shown by conventional studies with either hydroquinone, catechol, or resorcinol (122). Hydroquinone has been shown to induce nephrotoxicity and kidney tumors at very high doses in some strains of rat (123) catechol induces glandular stomach tumors at very high dose (124). Repeated dermal appHcation of resorcinol did not induce cancer formation (125). 

We have no proof that lead causes cancer in humans. Kidney tumors have developed in rats and mice given large doses of lead. The animal studies have been criticized because of the very high doses used, among other things. The results of high-dose studies should not be used to predict whether lead may cause cancer in humans. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has determined that lead acetate and lead phosphate may reasonably be expected to be... 

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered lead acetate equivalent to 37 mg lead/kg/day in their drinking water for 76 weeks as part of a study to determine interactions between sodium nitrite, ethyl urea, and lead. There were no kidney tumors in the 10 control rats. Renal tubular carcinomas were found in 13 (81%) of the 16 treated rats. Three of these tumors were detected at 72 weeks and the remaining were found at terminal necropsy (Roller et al. 1985). 

The lead-induced nephropathy observed in humans and rodents shows a comparable early pathology (Goyer 1993). However, in rodents, proximal tubular cell injury induced by lead can progress to adenocarcinomas of the kidney (see Section 2.2.3.8). The observation of lead-induced kidney tumors in rats may not be relevant to humans. Conclusive evidence for lead-induced renal cancers (or any other type of cancer) in humans is lacking, even in populations in which chronic lead nephropathy is evident. 

Burke, A. et al. (2009) Long-term survival following a single treatment of kidney tumors with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and near-infrared radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy... 

Liver tumors developed in mice that were orally exposed to hexachloroethane for their whole lifetime. Tumors of this kind are common in mice. Hexachloroethane will not necessarily have the same effect on people. Male rats that were exposed to hexachloroethane for their lifetime developed kidney tumors. This type of tumor is not found in people, so it is unlikely that exposure to hexachloroethane would cause you to develop cancer of the kidney. The Department of Health and Human Services has determined that hexachloroethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (can cause cancer). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that hexachloroethane is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in people. EPA has determined that hexachloroethane is a possible human carcinogen. 

Suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity based on kidney tumor in rat (esbiothrin), but not sufficient to assess human carcinogenic potential [V]. 

Use of chemical (alar), by-product causes lung and kidney tumors in mice... 

Further analysis of the results of the NTP (1987) bioassay has raised certain questions as to the relevance of the observed renal tumors in male rats and hepatic tumors in mice to the potential carcinogenicity of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in humans. The observation that kidney tumors are induced in male but not female rats in response to exposure to chemicals in addition to 1,4-dichlorobenzene has been the focus of recent... 

Chronic oral smdies in mice and rats show clear evidence that bromodichloromethane is carcinogenic. Male mice administered 50 mg/ kg/day by gavage 5 days/week for 2 years had an increased incidence of renal carcinoma hepatic tumors were observed in female mice similarly dosed with 75 or 150 mg/kg/day. Tumors of the large intestine (intestinal carcinoma) occurred in rats at incidences of 13/50 and 45/50 in males exposed to 50 or lOOmg/ kg/day, 5 days/week for 2 years, respectively 12 of 47 females were affected at the higher dose. Kidney tumors were observed in both male and female rats exposed to 100 mg/kg/day,... 

In a carcinogenicity inhalation study, rats and mice were exposed to 9 ppm 6 hours/day, 1 day/week for 12 months 2 ppm 6 hours/day, 1 day/week for 18 months or 2 ppm 6 hours/ day, 2 days/week for 18 months. There was a significant increase in cystic kidney tumors in all exposed animals. Male mice were the most susceptible, with kidney tumors in 90% of exposed animals. Female rats showed an excess of malignant lymphomas. 

Dunnick JK, Eustis SL, Haseman JK Development of kidney tumors in the male F344/N rat after treatment with dimethyl methylphosphonate. Fundam Appl Toxicol 11 91-99,... 

Hamsters receiving weekly subcutaneous injections of DMN for life developed tumors 3 of 10 females receiving weekly injections of 4.3mg/kg developed liver tumors at 21.5mg/kg/week, there were 8 liver tumors and 5 kidney tumors in 10 male animals receiving 2.8mg/kg/week, there were 5 liver tumors and 1 kidney mmor. ... 

PBNA has been tested for carcinogenicity in a number of species without conclusive results. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity in male or female rats or in male mice fed 2500 or 5000 ppm in the diet for 2 years. The lack of carcinogenicity in rats may be related to an inability to metabolize PBNA to the known animal and human urinary bladder carcinogen P-naphthylamine. There was equivocal evidence for carcinogenicity in female mice, as indicated by the occurrence of two rare kidney tumors. Chemical-related non-neoplastic lesions, including nephropathy, karyomegaly, and hyperplasia, occurred in the kidneys of both species. 

Cancer. 2,3-Benzofuran is carcinogenic to rats and mice (NTP 1989). Chronic oral exposure increased the incidence of kidney tumors in female rats, and increased the incidence of lung, forestomach, and liver tumors in male and female mice (NTP 1989). These findings indicate that chronic exposure to... 

Fig. 3.1 Dose-incidence curves for different neoplasms in animals exposed to external radiation (A) myeloid leukemia in x-irradiated mice (°) (Upton et al., 1958) (B) mammary gland tumors at 12 months in gamma-irradiated rats (A) (Shellabarger et al., 1969) (C) thymic lymphoma in x-irradiated mice ( ) (Kaplan and Brown, 1952) (D) kidney tumors in x-irradiated rats (o) (Maldague, 1969) (E) skin tumors in alpha-irradiated rats (percentage incidence x 10) ( ) (Bums et al., 1968) (F) skin tumors in electron-irradiated rats (percentage incidence x 10) (A) (Bums et al., 1968) (G) reticulum cell sarcoma in x-irradiated mice (0) (Metalli et al., 1974) (H) lung adenomas in neutron-irradiated mice ( ) (Ullrich et al., 1976) (Modified from UNSCEAR, 1972) (from Upton, 1984).

As the kidney tumors were not fatal, the appropriateness of Lifetable test for the analysis of these tumors is questionable. The overall unadjusted incidences were significantly different from the historical control incidence by the Fisher Exact test. The kidney tumors were not observed in female rats or in male or female mice. 

Kidney tumors caused by several different compounds, including 1,4-dichlorobenzene, isophorone, and unleaded petrol, have been found to be both sex dependent and species dependent. Thus, only male rats suffer from oc2-p-globulin nephropathy and renal tubular adenocarcinoma as a result of the accumulation of a compound-protein complex in the epithelial cells of renal proximal tubules (see chap. 6). The synthesis of the protein involved, a2-[i-globulin, is under androgenic control in the male rat. 

The carcinogen diethylstilboestrol induces tumors in those female organs particularly exposed to estrogens, namely, the mammary glands, uterus, and vagina (fig. 6.28). In male hamsters, however, this compound causes kidney tumors. 

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