Animal models kidney effects

The main role of the kidney in the process of drug metabolism consists in the excretion of the many, more or less pharmacologically active metabolites formed in the liver [8]. Needles to say that renal insufficiency may result in the accumulation of metabohtes and, if pharmacological active, may result in serious side effects/ toxicity [33]. Renal metabolism of drug-xenobiotics and its contribution to elimination has been inadequately explored so that clinical implications are for the most part inferred from animal models or speculative. 

Ongoing progress in identifying new blood, urine, or other biofluid markers of toxicity - potentially assessable in current animal models - also provides optimism that such refinements will expand the translational usefulness of these preclinical studies.6-7 Recent examples of emerging or novel biomarkers that may become mainstream toxicity markers (as in research hospital clinical pathology assessments) are troponin markers for cardiac and skeletal muscle toxicity,32 and kidney biomarkers to delineate specific regional toxic effects in the renal tubule/parenchyma.33 Further development of these and similar assessable markers of toxicity will be pursued and usefully applied both pre-clinically and clinically. 

Nitroethane produces similar effects in animals to those that appear in humans. Chronic nitroethane vapor administration has produced methemoglobinemia, pulmonary edema, narcosis, and liver and kidney damage in various animal models. 

Although the data are not conclusive, hyperlipidemia has been associated as a susceptibility factor for CKD in both animal and human studies. The use of lipid-lowering agents in some animal models has been found to decrease the extent of glomerular injury when both underlying renal disease and hyperlipidemia are present. Therefore the correction of lipid abnormalities in patients with CKD was proposed to have a beneficial effect on the rate of progression of the disease. CKD with or without nephrotic syndrome is frequently accompanied by abnormalities in fipoprotem metabolism. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia appears to increase as kidney function declines and with the presence of the nephrotic syndrome. ... 

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