Silk production

Second-generation juvenoids incorporate more substantial stmctural departures from neotenin and are more resistant to metaboHc and environmental degradation. Epiphenonane, 2-ethyl-3-[3-ethyl-5-(4-ethylphenoxy)-pent-3-en-yl] 2-methyloxirane (131), has a rat oral LD q of 4000 mg/kg. It and similar juvenoids are used in China and Japan to prolong the last larval instar of the silkworm so that silk production is increased 10—15%. Fenoxycarb, ethyl [2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl] carbamate (132) (mp 53°C, vp 0.0078 mPa at 20°C), is soluble in water to 6 mg/L. The rat oral LD q is >16,800 mg/kg. Fenoxycarb has a wide spectmm of activity, interfering with the developmental processes of fleas, cockroaches, and ants. 

Silkworm, Bombyx morr, eggs, acute single exposure of 2, 5, or 10 Gy At 2 Gy, an average increase of 23% in larval mass, cocoon shell weight, and silk production no stimulatory effect at 5 Gy at 10 Gy, larval development inhibited 2... 

The silk production process must have some built-in temporal, mechanical, and chemical flexibility. This is evident in the ability of the animal to switch from long-duration storage of the proteins (in an aqueous solution state) to high-speed extrusion spinning (into an insoluble fiber with... 

Knight, D. P., and Vollrath, F. (1999b). Liquid crystals and flow elongation in a spider s silk production line. Proc. It. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 266, 519-523. 

Vollrath, F., and Knight, D. (2004). Biology and technology of silk production. In Biotechnology of Biopolymers From Synthesis to Patents (A. Steinbuchel and Y. Doi, Eds.), Vol. 2, pp. 873-894. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA,... 

Methoprene has been fully registered since 1975 for commercial usage as a mosquito larvicide and for control of horn flies via feed-through application to cattle. In addition, methoprene is registered in Japan for administration to silkworms to enhance silk production. As the only IGR currently (July, 1978) registered, it follows that the environmental fate of methoprene has been investigated in detail. 

Richter, C. J. J., Stolting, H. C. J. and Vlijm, L. (1971). Silk production in adult females of the wolf spider Pardosa amentata. Journal of Zoology, London 165 285-290. 

All the preparations increased the viability and silk-production of the silkworm by 16 and 21% respectively (Fig. 16). 

Vollrath, F., and Knight, D.P. "Structure and function of the silk production pathway in the Spider Nephila edulis". Int. ]. Biol. Macromol. 24(2-3), 243-249 (1999). 

Nylon was first synthesized at DuPont by Wallace Carothers in the 1930s. After Japanese control of silk production in the South Pacific made silk unavailable to the United States during World War II, nylon was used to replace silk in the manufacture of parachutes. The synthesis and properties of nylon are discussed in Chapter 22. 

More epoxides (1) with juvenile hormone activity (Vol. 2, p. 7) have been made by epoxidizing the Wittig products of citronellal (2), and some of these substances also increase silk production.Reduction of the double bond sometimes increases the activity against Oncopeltus fasciatus. Insecticidal activity is also reported for certain terpenoid cyclopropanes [e.g. (3), made from limonene and ethyl diazoacetate] and for isobornyl thiocyanoethyl ether (made from cam-phene and ethylene chlorohydrin followed by treatment with potassium thiocyanate). The insect-repelling activity shown by thujic acid amides (4) is... 

AstudiUo et al. (2014) IPCC (2013) GWP 100a Silk production, farm practices 80.90... 

Life cycle assessment of silk production — a case study from India... 

Despite its long history and unique properties as a biomaterial, to our knowledge, the LCA literature on silk production is limited to the studies presented in this chapter. 

Multivoltine (MV, many cohorts raised per year) produce final sUks that do not match with those of bivoltine silks (BV, two cohorts per year) in quality. Crosses between multi- and bivoltine silkworms are not much better than pure MV silks. As BV silks are internationally traded and comparable across regions, we focus our analysis on Indian silk production from bivoltine hybrids capable of producing high-grade raw silk. 

This section summarizes previous work on LCA of silk production and underpinning sustainability assessments, from both an agricultural and processing point of view. 

We are not aware of comparative LCAs of use or end-of-Iife scenarios for silk and silk products. It should also be noted that, although the final application for the vast majority of silk is indeed in textiles, applications in medical devices are increasingly common. 

As outlined above, several methods of silk production are possible. They require differing intensity of production and input use, and result in differing quality of cocoon output. Functional units need to be compared thus with caution, as low-quality silks must be processed differently, are unsuitable for machine weaving, and are less... 

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