Japan productivity

Worldwide production of pyridine bases in the late 1980s was estimated at thousands of tons a year. Production was concentrated mainly in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. Production statistics are not complete for any of the principal producing areas and trade statistics are also incomplete. 

Cathles, L.M. (1983a) Kuroko-type massive sulfide deposits of Japan Products of an aborted Island-arc rift. Econ. GeoL Mon., 5, 96-114. 

Urabe, T. and Sato, T. (1978) Kuroko deposits of the Kosaka mine. Northeast Honshu, Japan, Product of submarine hot-springs in Miocene sea floor. Econ. Geol, 73, 161-179. 

Yajima s innovation directly contributed to Si-C-0 fiber (Nicalon NCK, Toyama, Japan) and Si-Ti-C-0 fiber (Tyranno Ube Industries, Tokyo, Japan) production in the early years. The Tyranno fiber production process showed the possibility of introducing various alkoxides in the starting PCS to modify the resulting SiC grain boundaries. 

Table 12 gives the average commercial specifications of ethylene oxide. Its main uses in 1984 are listed in Table 73 for Western Europe, the United States and Japan. Production. capacities and consumption for these three geographic areas are also given. 

Let s take an example. The quintessential Barbie doll is 52 years old. In 1959, the doll was made locally and shipped directly to stores. Over the years, the source of manufacturing has changed. For 23 years, it was made in Japan. Production then shifted to Mexico, and then seven years in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Manufacturing was then changed to be sourced in Korea and the Philippines. Today, the primary manufacturing is in China, Malaysia, and Indonesia, but the component parts to assemble a doll are manufactured in 22 countries and assembled in the market where the doll is sold. In 2012, Barbie is a world traveler. 

Kurashiki Spinning Co. Ltd, Japan, Production of descaled animal fiber , Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 6pp, JP 58144105 A2 830827. 

Market forces determine the demand for a product, and the demand will be used to forecast the sales of hydrocarbons. This will be one of the factors considered by some governments when setting the production targets for the oil company. For example, much of the gas produced in the South China Sea is liquefied and exported by tanker to Japan for industrial and domestic use the contract agreed with the Japanese purchaser will drive the production levels set by the National Oil Company. 

The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite. Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores. 

In 1985 world sales of CBN abrasive products totaled 41.4 million, 37% of which was ia the Pacific area (primarily Japan), 34% ia Europe, and 29% ia the Americas (37). 

Most of the acetic acid is produced in the United States, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, France, Canada, and Mexico. Total annual production in these countries is close to four million tons. Uses include the manufacture of vinyl acetate [108-05-4] and acetic anhydride [108-24-7]. Vinyl acetate is used to make latex emulsion resins for paints, adhesives, paper coatings, and textile finishing agents. Acetic anhydride is used in making cellulose acetate fibers, cigarette filter tow, and ceUulosic plastics. 

The United States was a net exporter in the 1980s except for 1984—1986 when it was a net importer. This reversal resulted from a number of conditions including the global recession, foreign relationships, new overseas capacity especially in Japan and South Africa (which in 1988 was the largest exporter to the United States), and the increase in other countries of the ratio of phenol production to acetone demand (45). 

The largest production of acrylamide is in Japan the United States and Europe also have large production faciUties. Some production is carried out in the Eastern Bloc countries, but details concerning quantities or processes are difficult to obtain. The principal producers in North America are The Dow Chemical Company, American Cyanamid Company, and Nalco Chemical Company (internal use) Dow sells only aqueous product and American Cyanamid sells both Hquid and sohd monomer. In Europe, Chemische Eabrik Stockhausen Cie, Ahied CoUoids, The Dow Chemical Company, and Cyanamid BV are producers Dow and American Cyanamid are the only suppHers to the merchant market, and crystalline monomer is available from American Cyanamid. Eor Japan, producers are Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, Mitsui Toatsu, and Nitto Chemical Industries Company (captive market). Crystals and solutions are available from Mitsui Toatsu and Mitsubishi, whereas only solution monomer is available from Nitto. 

Patents claiming specific catalysts and processes for thek use in each of the two reactions have been assigned to Japan Catalytic (45,47—49), Sohio (50), Toyo Soda (51), Rohm and Haas (52), Sumitomo (53), BASF (54), Mitsubishi Petrochemical (56,57), Celanese (55), and others. The catalysts used for these reactions remain based on bismuth molybdate for the first stage and molybdenum vanadium oxides for the second stage, but improvements in minor component composition and catalyst preparation have resulted in yields that can reach the 85—90% range and lifetimes of several years under optimum conditions. Since plants operate under more productive conditions than those optimum for yield and life, the economically most attractive yields and productive lifetimes maybe somewhat lower. 

In 1989 the U.S. production of acryflc ester monomers was ca 450,000 t. This represents about 45% of the worldwide production Western Europe (ca 35%) and Japan (ca 15%) account for most of the remainder. Essentially all of this was converted to acryflc polymers and copolymers. The U.S. production is principally from four companies ... 

Secondary alcohols (C q—for surfactant iatermediates are produced by hydrolysis of secondary alkyl borate or boroxiae esters formed when paraffin hydrocarbons are air-oxidized ia the presence of boric acid [10043-35-3] (19,20). Union Carbide Corporation operated a plant ia the United States from 1964 until 1977. A plant built by Nippon Shokubai (Japan Catalytic Chemical) ia 1972 ia Kawasaki, Japan was expanded to 30,000 t/yr capacity ia 1980 (20). The process has been operated iadustriaHy ia the USSR siace 1959 (21). Also, predominantiy primary alcohols are produced ia large volumes ia the USSR by reduction of fatty acids, or their methyl esters, from permanganate-catalyzed air oxidation of paraffin hydrocarbons (22). The paraffin oxidation is carried out ia the temperature range 150—180°C at a paraffin conversion generally below 20% to a mixture of trialkyl borate, (RO)2B, and trialkyl boroxiae, (ROBO). Unconverted paraffin is separated from the product mixture by flash distillation. After hydrolysis of residual borate esters, the boric acid is recovered for recycle and the alcohols are purified by washing and distillation (19,20). 

The product secondary alcohols from paraffin oxidation are converted to ethylene oxide adducts (alcohol ethoxylates) which are marketed by Japan Catalytic Chemical and BP Chemicals as SOFTANOL secondary alcohol ethoxylates. Union Carbide Chemical markets ethoxylated derivatives of the materials ia the United States under the TERGlTOL trademark (23). 

The world s largest producers are Perstorp AB (Sweden, United States, Italy), Hoechst Celanese Corporation (United States, Canada), Degussa (Germany), and Hercules (United States) with estimated 1989 plant capacities of 65,000, 59,000, 30,000, and 22,000 t/yr, respectively. Worldwide capacity for pentaerythritol production was 316,000 t in 1989, about half of which was from the big four companies. Most of the remainder was produced in Asia (Japan, China, India, Korea, and Taiwan), Europe (Italy, Spain), or South America (Brazil, Chile). The estimated rate of production for 1989 was about 253,000 t or about 80% of nameplate capacity. 

Early demand for chlorine centered on textile bleaching, and chlorine generated through the electrolytic decomposition of salt (NaCl) sufficed. Sodium hydroxide was produced by the lime—soda reaction, using sodium carbonate readily available from the Solvay process. Increased demand for chlorine for PVC manufacture led to the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide as coproducts. Solution mining of salt and the avadabiHty of asbestos resulted in the dominance of the diaphragm process in North America, whereas soHd salt and mercury avadabiHty led to the dominance of the mercury process in Europe. Japan imported its salt in soHd form and, until the development of the membrane process, also favored the mercury ceU for production. 

In 1984, the Ube Ammonia Industry Co. began operating the largest Texaco coal gasification complex to date. This faciUty is located in Ube City, Japan, and has a rated gasification capacity of 1500 t/day of coal, and production capacity of 1000 t/day of ammonia. The plant has successfully gasified coals from Canada, AustraUa, South Africa, and China. At the present time the plant uses a mixture of petroleum coke and coal (43). 

Acryhc and modacryhc fibers are sold mainly as staple and tow products with small amounts of continuous filament fiber sold in Europe and Japan. Staple lengths may vary from 25 to 150 mm, depending on the end use. Eiber deniers may vary from 1.3 to 17 dtex (1.2 to 15 den) 3.2 dtex (3.0 den) is the standard form. The appearance of acryhcs under microscopical examination may differ from that of modacryhcs in two respects. Eirst, the cross sections (Eig. 1) of acryhcs are generally round, bean-shaped, or dogbone-shaped. The modacryhcs, on the other hand, vary from irregularly round to ribbon-like. The modacryhcs may also contain pigment-like particles of antimony oxide to enhance their flame-retardant properties. 

A hst of world acetate and triacetate producers is given ia Reference 74. The combiaed annual world acetate production (filament, staple, and tow) peaked ia 1980 with 672,000 t, dropped to 574,000 t ia 1984, and rose to 731,000 t ia 1991. The United States accounted for ca 45% of the world total. Other principal acetate produciag countries iaclude the UK, Japan, Canada, Italy, and the former USSR. 

Woddwide, the production capacity for polyester fiber is approximately 11 million tons about 55% of the capacity is staple. Annual production capacity iu the United States is approximately 1.2 million tons of staple and 0.4 million tons of filament. Capacity utilization values of about 85% for staple and about 93% for filament show a good balance of domestic production vs capacity (105). However, polyester has become a woddwide market with over half of the production capacity located iu the Asia/Pacific region (106). The top ranked PET fiber-produciug countries are as follows Taiwan, 16% United States, 15% People s RepubHc of China, 11% Korea, 9% and Japan, 7% (107—109). Woddwide, the top produciug companies of PET fibers are shown iu Table 3 (107-109). 

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