Israeli

W. R. Fawcett. Molecular models for the solvent structure at polarizable interfaces. Israeli J Chem 75 3-16, 1979. 

The 1973 Yom Kippur war caused Arab oil producers to boycott oil exports to the United States and some allies. While the boycott may look like the culprit in the 1973 oil price shock, the cuts in exports actually did not last long, with the oil price increases continuing long after the Arab/Israeli war was over. The real reason why oil prices surged up and stayed there was because world oil demand was high, while Saudi Arabia and OPEC kept supplies low. OPEC used its market power to curtail its own oil exports in... 

Owing to the constraints, no direct solution exists and we must use iterative methods to obtain the solution. It is possible to use bound constrained version of optimization algorithms such as conjugate gradients or limited memory variable metric methods (Schwartz and Polak, 1997 Thiebaut, 2002) but multiplicative methods have also been derived to enforce non-negativity and deserve particular mention because they are widely used RLA (Richardson, 1972 Lucy, 1974) for Poissonian noise and ISRA (Daube-Witherspoon and Muehllehner, 1986) for Gaussian noise. 

Image Space Reconstruction Algorithm. ISRA (Daube-Witherspoon and MuehUehner, 1986) is a multiplicative and iterative method which yields the constrained maximum likelihood in the case of Gaussian noise. The ISRA solution is obtained using the recursion ... 

Multiplicative algorithms (ISRA, RLA and EM) are very popular (mostly RLA in astronomy) because they are very simple to implement and their very first iterations are very efficient. Otherwise their convergence is much slower... 

Lanteri, H., Soummer, R., Aime, C., 1999, Comparison between ISRA and RIA algorithms. Use of a Wiener Filter based stopping criterion, A AS, 140, 235... 

Mean tar concentrations on the Israeli coast of the Mediterranean Sea ranged from 884 to 4388 g m in 1975-76 (27). Chemical analyses indicated that 76% of the tar on Israeli beaches was weathered crude, 96% of it from Middle Eastern sources (28). Concentrations of tar on the beaches of Lebanon and Turkey appeared to be much lower than those at Alexandria, Egypt and Paphos, Cyprus, as a consequence of the orientation of these beaches relative to a site in the eastern Mediterranean Sea where dumping of oily sludge was permitted (27). 

Portions of this work were presented at the 52 nd Meeting of the Israeli Chemical Society, Bar Ban University, Tel Aviv, October 28-29, (1986). 

Context-based curricula developed in five countries were reviewed in a special issue of the International Journal of Science Education (2006, bl. 28, Number 9). Schwartz (2006) discussed the American experience with ChemCom Chemistry in the Community, and mainly with Chemistry in Context (CiC). Bennett and Lubben (2006) presented Salters Advanced C/zemixfiy that was developed in Britain. Hofstein and Kesner (2006) reported on Israeli materials focnsing on industrial chemistry as the main school chemistiy theme. Parchmaim et al. (2006) considered the German contextual version, Chemie im Kontext (CluK). Finally, Bulte,... 

Heuberger et al. [272] and an Israeli group [271] have, independently from each other and at nearly the same period, measured the hyperfine splitting and the isomer... 

Although difficult to estimate, the prevalence of narcolepsy is between 0.03% and 0.06%.7 Significant differences have been reported for various ethnic groups. Narcolepsy has a higher prevalence in the Japanese and a lower prevalence in the Israeli populations.8,9 Cataplexy is not required for diagnosis however, between 50% and 80% of patients with narcolepsy have accompanying cataplexy.10... 

Many types of medications given for the flu make a person feel drowsy. When elderberry preparations are used, reaction and judgment times are not impaired which is why the Israeli Air Force is interested in using elderberry for its pilots. Elderberry medicines are best taken at the first onset of a cold or flu so it s helpful to have some on hand in case illness strikes when all the health food and herb stores are closed. 

D Israeli, Isaac. Amenities of literature, consisting of sketches and characters of English literature. London Moxon, 1841. 3 vols... 

Borishansky, V. M., and I. I. Paleev, Eds., 1964, Convective Heat Transfer in Two-Phase and One-Phase Flows, transl. from Russian-Israeli Program for Scientific Translation, U.S. Dept, of Commerce, Washington, DC, 1969. (4)... 

Mayell, H. (2003), "Jesus Box" is a fake, Israeli experts rule, National Geographic News, June 18. 

Oren, Z. et al., Israeli PatentIL 89641, 1995 Chem. Abs., 1996, 124, 260401g It is claimed that a prior method of manufacture from acetonitrile, methanethiol and hydroxylamine hydrochloride gave uncontrolled reaction and explosion. A safer preparation starting from acetaldoxime is claimed. 

The book focuses on the biogeochemistry of trace elements in arid and semiarid zone soils and includes an introductory chapter on the nature and properties of arid zone soils. It presents an updated overview and a comprehensive coverage of the major aspects of trace elements and heavy metals that are of most concern in the world s arid and semi-arid soils. These include the content and distribution of trace elements in arid soils, their solution chemistry, their solid-phase chemistry, selective sequential dissolution techniques for trace elements in arid soils, the bioavailability of trace elements, and the pollution and remediation of contaminated arid soils. A comprehensive and focused case study on transfer fluxes of trace elements in Israeli arid and semi-arid soils is presented. The book concludes with a discussion of a quantitative global perspective on anthropogenic interferences in the natural trace elements distributions. The elements discussed in this book include Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg, As, Se, Co, B, Mo and others. This book is an excellent reference for students and professionals in the environmental, ecological, agricultural and geological sciences. 

Banin and his colleagues (Banin et al., 1997a) have studied the distribution of trace elements in 45 representative Israeli soils with 0.5-68% of CaC03 and 7.0-8.25 pH (Table 2.4). The total Cu concentration ranges from 3.21 mg/kg in a loessial soil to 62.05 mg/kg in a desert stony soil. In general, alluvial soils, colluvial-alluvial soils, and Terra-Rossa soils contain higher Cu than soils in Mediterranean brown and rendzina. The EDTA-extractable Cu content varies from 2-7.5 mg/kg in rendzinas, alluvial soils, and saline soils. 

Cadmium concentrations in Israeli soils are in the range of 0.07-2.13 and average 0.37 0.34 mg/kg, while cadmium content in Terra-Rossa and Desert Stony soils is higher than that in Rendzina. 

The total Zn concentration in 45 Israeli soils varies from 7.94-144.2 mg/kg with an average of 56.1 28.7 mg/kg. Terra-Rossa soils contain higher Zn than rendzina soils. Total Zn concentrations in Mediterranean red soils vary from 200-215 mg/kg, while brown isohumic soils on calcareous sandstone contain 48 mg/kg total Zn. However, soils on alluvians from aeolian deposits have 82-90 mg/kg, and saline alkali soils contain 100-200 mg/kg of total Zn. EDTA-extractable Zn varies from 1.9-13 mg/kg, representing 1.7-9.6% of the total Zn in Mediterranean red soils, reddish-brown isohumic soils and rendinas soils (Aubert and Pinta, 1977). 

The total Mn concentration in Israeli soils varies from 52.6-810 mg/kg and averages 367 259.8 mg/kg (Han, 1998). The average total Co content is 9.45 4.88 mg/ kg, varying from 3.35 mg/kg in a very sandy soil to 15.9 mg/kg in alluvial soil samples (Han et al., 2002b). In soils on alluvions and derived from aeolian deposits, the Co concentration is 8 mg/kg, and soils from hard limestone contain 10 mg/kg Co. The B concentration in alluvial soils is in the range of 25-85 mg/kg, while brown isohumic soils formed on alluvions contain 25-40 mg/kg B. Mediterranean red soils on limestone are rich in B (190 mg/kg). In soils on calcareous sandstone, alluvions, and aeolian deposits, total Mo content ranges from 4.6-6 mg/kg (Aubert and Pinta, 1977). 

Moreover, salts in arid soils increase concentrations of boron. In Israeli soils, total B content in saline alluvial soil is in the range of 150-170 mg/kg, four to six times higher than that in alluvial soils (25-40 mg/kg) (Aubert and Pinta, 1977). The soluble boron contents tend to increase with decreases in rainfall. Bioavailable Mo represents an average 2-20% of total Mo. The percentages of bioavailable Mo are higher in arid and semi-arid zones than in humid zones. Bioavailable Mo is 35.8% of the total Mo in soils of Israel and increases to 50-60% in saline alkali soils in India (Aubert and Pinta, 1977). Total Se concentrations in the western United States are higher... 

Figure 2.6. Effects of soil pH on total Cu concentrations in Israeli arid and semi-arid soils (R 0.50, N 39)...

Table 3.3. Concentrations of trace elements in soil solutions extracted by saturated paste from two metal salt-spiked Israeli soils incubated at the saturated paste regime...

Figure 3.2. Changes of Cd speciation in soil solutions of a typical Israeli calcareous soil with pH 4-9 (after Hirsh and Banin, 1990, with permission from Soil Sci. Soc. Am)...

Organic complexed Cd is not important in arid soil solution. Hirsh and Banin (1990) observed 5-10% of Cd bound to organic ligands in Israeli arid soil solution. Emmerich et al. (1982) found that organic-Cd complexes constituted 1-4% of Cd in California arid soil solution. However, Villarroel et al. (1993) reported that in a California sludge-treated soil, Cd was mainly present in both free ion and organic complex forms (each accounted for 32-40% and 30-45% of total Cd in soil solution, respectively), followed by the chloride complexes (8-20%), S04-complex (3-10%), and P04-Cd complex (1.5-7.7%). The nitrate Cd complexes were the lowest. Cadmium activities and speciation is not significantly affected by P and N treatments. 

Soil redox also strongly affects solubility of the compounds of other trace elements in arid soils. Amrhein et al. (1993) found that Fe, Mn, Ni and V in an evaporation pond soil were more soluble under reducing conditions. Han and Banin (2000) reported that after one year of saturated incubation, the solubility of Fe, Mn, Co, V, Ni, Cu and Zn in two Israeli arid soils with 0.5-23% CaC03 increased, while the solubility of Cd decreased with time. During saturated incubation, soil pH in highly calcareous arid soil containing high content of carbonates decreased. In a loessial soil from Israel, Han and Banin (1996) reported that soil pH decreased from 8.0 to 7.0-7.4 over saturated incubation. With the decrease in Eh over incubation, the parameter pe+pH also decreased from initial values of 12-13.6 to 4 after initial 7-9 days of saturation incubation. 

Figure 4.1. Removal of carbonate from Israeli arid soils as indicated by the X-ray diffractograms after extraction of the carbonate fraction by NaOAc-HOAc solutions at various pHs for 16 hours. C calcite d = 3.04 A, and D dolomite, d = 2.89 A. Number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 indicate non-treated soil (No. 1), treatments (No. 2-6) with NaOAc-HOAc solutions at pH 7.0, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0 and 4.0, respectively (after Han and Banin, 1995. Reprinted from Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal, 26, Han and Banin A., Selective sequential dissolution techniques for trace metals in arid-zone soils The carbonate dissolution step, p 563, Copyright (1995), with permission from Taylor Francis US)...

Figure 4.2. Dissolution of Ca from Israeli arid soils by NaOAc-HOAc solutions at various pHs after the extraction of the exchangeable fraction (after Han and Banin, 1995. Reprinted from Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal, 26, Han and Banin A., Selective sequential dissolution techniques for trace metals in arid-zone soils The carbonate dissolution step, p 568, Copyright (1995), with permission from Taylor Francis US)...

The two representative selective sequential dissolution procedures (Bonn and Rehovot procedures) were employed to comparatively study the distribution of trace elements in Israeli arid soils (Table 4.4). The results of both experiments have been fully reported by Banin et al. (1995) and Han and Banin (1995). 

Various sequential dissolution protocols have been developed by different research groups in order to accommodate their types of soils, experimental conditions, and objectives. This makes it difficult to compare the results with different procedures. We compared two SSD procedures for humid zone and arid zone soils, developed by German and Israeli soil scientists, respectively, based on aggressiveness of extractants, their specificity and selectivity, completeness of phase-extraction by each extractant from defined phases and their effects on subsequent fractions. We also appraised the applicability as well as the limitations of each procedure under different conditions. 

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