Israeli soil solid-phase

The book focuses on the biogeochemistry of trace elements in arid and semiarid zone soils and includes an introductory chapter on the nature and properties of arid zone soils. It presents an updated overview and a comprehensive coverage of the major aspects of trace elements and heavy metals that are of most concern in the world s arid and semi-arid soils. These include the content and distribution of trace elements in arid soils, their solution chemistry, their solid-phase chemistry, selective sequential dissolution techniques for trace elements in arid soils, the bioavailability of trace elements, and the pollution and remediation of contaminated arid soils. A comprehensive and focused case study on transfer fluxes of trace elements in Israeli arid and semi-arid soils is presented. The book concludes with a discussion of a quantitative global perspective on anthropogenic interferences in the natural trace elements distributions. The elements discussed in this book include Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg, As, Se, Co, B, Mo and others. This book is an excellent reference for students and professionals in the environmental, ecological, agricultural and geological sciences. 

Trace elements can be adsorbed on the surface of calcite, influencing their solubility in calcareous soils of arid and semi-arid zones. The carbonate bound fraction is the major solid-phase component for many trace elements (Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cu) in arid and semi-arid soils, especially in newly contaminated soils (Table 5.3). In Israeli arid soils treated with metal nitrates, the carbonate bound fraction is the largest solid-phase component (60-80%, 50-60%, 40-60%, 30-40%, and 25-36% for Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cu respectively). Divalent metallic cations at low aqueous concentrations first associate with calcite via adsorption reactions. Then they may be incorporated into the calcite lattice as a co-precipitate by recrystallization (Franklin and Morse, 1983 Komicker et al., 1985 Davis et al., 1987 Zachara et al., 1988 Reeder and Prosky, 1986 Pingitore and... 

Table 5.4. Distribution of trace elements among solid-phase components3 in 45 Israeli arid soils...

Manganese in uncontaminated Israeli arid soils is predominantly in the easily reducible oxide fraction (35-40% of the total-HN03 Mn), followed by the carbonate fraction (18-25%), and the residual fraction (14-25%) (Han and Banin, 1996) (Table 5.4). Manganese in the organic fraction amounts to 9-12% and in the reducible oxide fraction to 5-11%. The exchangeable fraction of Mn in the soils is very low. In the sludge-amended calcareous soils of Southeast Spain, the residual and the carbonate bound Mn fractions are the major solid-phase (Moral et al., 2005). In comparison, the Mn in fine-textured soils from the southeastern United States is... 

Figure 5.6. Relationship between Co and Mn contents extracted from solid-phase of six Israeli arid-zone soils with sequential dissolution procedures (after Han et al., 2002b. Reprinted from J Environ Sci Health, Part A, 137, Han F.X., Banin A., Kingery W.L., Li Z.P., Pathways and kinetics of transformation of cobalt among solid-phase components in arid-zone soils, p 184, Copyright (2002), with permission from Taylor Francis)...

The reduced partitioning index (mean IR values) of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in 45 Israeli arid-zone soils is presented in Fig. 6.7. The trends for mean IR values for five heavy metals in these soils were as follows Cr > Zn = Cu > Ni > Cd (Fig. 6.7) (IR is calculated from Banin et al., 1997a). This indicates that Cr is strongly bound to solid-phase components, possessing... 

TRANSFER FLUXES OF Cu, Cr, Ni, AND Zn AMONG SOLID-PHASE COMPONENTS IN SALT-CONTAMINATED ISRAELI ARID SOILS... 

Figure 6.15. The average transfer fluxes of Cr and Cu among solid-phase components in Israeli soils. The soils received metal nitrates at the 3T level under the field capacity moisture regime (T total metal content in non-amended soils)...

Figure 6.18. Changes of the annual transfer fluxes (from one day to one year) among solid-phase components with metal loading levels in Israeli soils. Soils received metal nitrates and were incubated in the saturated-paste (SP) and field capacity (FC) moisture regimes...

The transformation pathway(s) and kinetics of Mn in the solid-phase of two Israeli arid-zone soils incubated under saturated paste and field capacity conditions for a prolonged period of time is discussed below. 

Figure 6.19. Distribution of Mn in solid-phase fractions in Israeli soils. Soils were incubated at the saturated paste regime (after Han and Banin, 1996. Reprinted from Soil Sci Soc Am J, 60, Han F.X., Banin A., Solid-phase manganese fractionation changes in saturated arid-zone soils Pathways and kinetics, p 1075, Copyright (1996), with permission from Soil Sci Soc Am)...

Figure 6.20. Distribution of Mn in solid-phase fractions in Israeli soils. Soils were incubated at the field capacity regime...

The section below will briefly address the distribution of Co, its transformation pathway(s), and kinetics among solid-phases in two selected Israeli arid-zone soils incubated under saturated paste conditions for prolonged periods of time (Han et al., 2002b). The parallel relationships of Co and Mn transformations among their solid-phases in soils are demonstrated. 

Banin A., Han F.X., Carina C. Total contents and solid-phase distribution of trace elements in 45 Israeli soils. Unpublished data. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehonot, 76100. Israel. 1997a. 

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