Cadmium concentrations

Cadmium is effectively accumulated in the kidneys. When the cadmium concentration exceeds 200 gg/g in the kidney cortex, tubular damage will occur in 10% of the population, and proteins begin to leak into urine (proteinuria). When the concentration of cadmium in the kidney cortex exceeds 300 pg/g, the effect is seen in 50% of the exposed population. Typically, excretion of low-molecular weight proteins, such as beta-microglobulin, is increased, due to dysfunction of proximal tubular cells of the kidney. The existence of albumin or other high-molecular weight proteins in the urine indicates that a glomerular injury has also taken place. The excretion of protein-bound cadmium will also be increased. 

Example 3-4 A sample containing cadmium gives a polarographic reduction current of 6.0 pA. The current increases to 9 and 12 pA upon increasing the cadmium concentration in two steps of 2mM each. Calculate the cadmium concentration in the original sample. 

As is the case with assessments of the toxicity of dissolved trace metals, the development of sediment quality criteria (SQC) must be based on the fraction of sediment-associated metal that is bioavailable. Bulk sediments consist of a variety of phases including sediment solids in the silt and clay size fractions, and sediment pore water. Swartz et al. (1985) demonstrated that the bioavailable fraction of cadmium in sediments is correlated with interstitial water cadmium concentrations. More recent work (e.g., Di Toro et al, 1990 Allen et al., 1993 Hansen et al, 1996 Ankley et ai, 1996, and references therein) has demonstrated that the interstitial water concentrations of a suite of trace metals is regulated by an extractable fraction of iron sulfides. 

Hindell MA, Brothers N, Gales R. 1999. Mercury and cadmium concentrations in the tissues of three species of southern albatrosses. Polar Biol 22 102-108. 

G. Costa, J. C. Michaut, and A. Guckert, Amino acids exuded from axenic roots of lettuce and white lupin seedlings exposed to different cadmium concentrations. J. Plant Nutr. 20 883 (1997). 

Cadmium concentrations in Israeli soils are in the range of 0.07-2.13 and average 0.37 0.34 mg/kg, while cadmium content in Terra-Rossa and Desert Stony soils is higher than that in Rendzina. 

Manganese oxides have been used to remediate contaminated soils as well. Hydrous manganese oxides decreased Cd and Pb in rye grass (Lolium spp.) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) from soils with pH 7.4-7.8 (Mench et al., 1994). Cadmium concentrations decreased in water and in 0.1 M Ca(N03)2 and acetic acid extracts of treated soils (Mench et al., 1994). 

Jung J., Logan T.J. Effects of sewage sludge cadmium concentration on chemical extractability and plant uptake. J Environ Qual 1992 21 73-81. 

McLaughlin M.J., Tiller K.G., Beech T.A., Smart M.K. Soil salinity causes elevated cadmium concentrations in field-grown potato tubers. J Environ Qual 1994 23 1013-1018. 

Page A.L., Bingham, F.T., Nelson C. Cadmium absorption and growth of various plant species as influenced by solution cadmium concentration. J Environ Qual 1972 1 288-291. 

Webber J.H., Beauchamp E.G. Cadmium concentration and distribution in com (Zea mays L) growing on a calcareous soil for three annual sludge applications. J. Environ Sc Health B 1979 14 459 174. 

In a method described by Yoshimura and Uzawa [ 144], cadmium in seawater is coprecipitated with zirconium hydroxide (Zr(OH)4) prior to determination by square-wave polarography. The precipitate is dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and cadmium concentration is determined from the peak height of the... 

Cadmium concentrations in field collections of selected species of plants and animals... 

Table 1.2 Cadmium Concentrations in Field Collections of Selected Species of Plants... 

Table 1.2 (continued) Cadmium Concentrations in Field Collections of Selected Species of Plants and Animals (Values shown are in mg Cd/kg fresh weight [FW], dry weight [DW], or ash weight [AW].)... 

Studies of 30 to 60 days duration with three comparatively sensitive species of freshwater fishes demonstrated that concentrations of >1 and <3 pg Cd/L in water of low alkalinity caused reductions in growth, survival, and fecundity of brook trout (Salvelinusfontinalis), the most sensitive species tested (Table 1.3). Under conditions of increasing alkalinity, the maximum allowable cadmium concentration range for brook trout increased to >7 and <12 pg/L a similar case was made for the walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum Table 1.3). 

Two species of freshwater aquatic mosses (Fontinalis dalecarlica, Platyhypnidium riparoides) exposed to concentrations between 0.5 and 6.5 pg Cd/L for 28 days had accumulation factors as high as 137,000 and 158,000, respectively (Gagnon etal. 1998). Accumulations increased with increasing cadmium concentration and decreasing water hardness. Cadmium tended to persist in these mosses. During a depuration period of 28 days following the 28-day exposure, only 37 to 48% of the accumulated cadmium was eliminated (Gagnon et al. 1998). 

It is now conservatively estimated that adverse effects on fish or wildlife are either pronounced or probable when cadmium concentrations exceed 3 pg/L in freshwater, 4.5 pg/L in saltwater,... 

Laurinolli, M. and L.I. Bendell-Young. 1996. Copper, zinc and cadmium concentrations in Peromyscus maniculatus sampled near an abandoned copper mine. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 30 481-486. 

Vattuone, G.M., K.S. Griggs, D.R. McIntyre, J.L. Littlepage, and F.L. Harrison. 1976. Cadmium concentrations in rock scallops in comparison with some other species. U.S. Energy Res. Dev. Admin. UCRL 52022 1-11. (Avail, from Nat. Tech. Inf. Serv., U.S. Dep. Comm., Springfield, VA 22151.)... 

Westemhagen, H.V., V. Dethlefsen, and H. Rosenthal. 1980. Correlation between cadmium concentrations in the water and tissue residue levels in dab, Limanda limanda L., and plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. Jour. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK. 60 45-58. 

Pip, E. 1990. Copper, lead and cadmium concentrations in a sample of Lake Winnipeg Anodonta grandis. Nautilus 103 140-142. 

---