Isotonic sodium chloride

The most common therapeutic maneuver to decrease the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy is extracellular volume expansion.36 Several recent studies have compared the efficacy of isotonic sodium chloride (0.9%) to half normal... 

Pure sesame oil vs isotonic sodium chloride solution as treatment for dry S1015 nasal mucosa. Arch Otolaryngol Head... 

Polyesters synthesized from terephthaloyl chloride and isohexides were prepared, and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, n.m.r. spectroscopy, and viscosity measurement.25,128 Another polyester, prepared by copolymerization of (2-hydroxyethyl)methacrylate with isoman-nide dimethacrylate (172), forms a hydrogel when allowed to swell in isotonic sodium chloride solution. This gel has useful properties for manufacturing contact-lens material.265... 

Amphotericin Generally, amphotericin should not be mixed with other drugs. Change in pH and disruption of the colloidal suspension are the major reasons for precipitation and, hence, incompatibility. Any formulations containing isotonic sodium chloride should be avoided as they can cause precipitation of amphotericin.8... 

Adverse effects are reversible on withdrawal of ACE inhibitor therapy. Volume expansion with intravenous isotonic sodium chloride and treatment with... 

The bile removed leads to fluid depletion of the organism. The corresponding volume was thus substituted for by intravenous infusion of isotonic sodium chloride solution (about 1 mL/h). 

Human tetanus immunoglobulin is a solution of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) containing a high level of anti-tetanus toxin antibodies. It is prepared from the plasma of screened, human donors immunised against tetanus toxin and is administered by intramuscular injection. The product also contains isotonic sodium chloride, glycine, as a stabiliser, sodium acetate and a small amount of sodium hydroxide used to maintain pH. The product is generally well-tolerated. 

Soluble insulin, preferably from the same species the patient has been using (never a sustained-release form), should be given by continuous i.v. infusion of a 1 unit/ml solution of insulin in isotonic sodium chloride. It is best to use a pump, which allows independent control of insulin and electrolyte administration more readily than an i.v. drip. If a pump is not available, the insulin should be added in a concentration of 1 unit/ml to 50-100 ml of sodium chloride in a burette. The infusion rate is determined by a sliding scale, as illustrated in Table 35.2. The rate is adjusted hourly using the same scale. If an i.v. drip is used instead of a pump the concentration should be lower (40 units/I). Stringent precautions against septicaemia are necessary in these patients. Continuous infusion i.m. (not s.c.) can also be equally effective, provided the patient is not in shock and provided there is not an important degree of peripheral vascular disease. 

Isotonic sodium chloride solution Isotonicity, solvent iv, im, sc, ia, ic, other inj. 

Using Eq. (20) and E of physostigmine salicylate = 0.16 from Table 1, the volume of water needed to prepare isotonic solution, V = 2g x 0.16 x lll.lml/g = 35.55ml. This solution can be diluted with 64.45 ml of any isotonic diluting solution to obtain 100 ml of 2% isotonic physostigmine salicylate solution. To verify the results, if we assume that we dilute the above solution with 64.45 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution, the equivalent amount of sodium chloride added is 0.58 g, which matches with results obtained using the class I methods. 

Alam M, Dover JS, Arndt KA. Pain associated with injection of botulinum A exotoxin reconstituted using isotonic sodium chloride with and without preservative a doubleblind, randomized controlled trial. Arch Dermatol 2002 138(4) 510-14. 

Andersen KE, Damsgaard T. The effect on serum enzymes of intramuscular injections of digoxin, bumetanide, pentazocine and isotonic sodium chloride. Acta Med Scand 1976 199(4) 317-19. 

When the drug is given intravenously a potential problem due to fluid volume load may arise. Because TMP-SMZ is relatively unstable in solution, it is the recommendation of the manufacturers that each ampule of TMP-SMZ (80 mg of TMP and 400 mg of SMZ) be dissolved in 75 to 125 ml of 5% dextrose in water. This relatively large water load may lead to hyponatremia, particularly in predisposed patients, such as those with impaired renal function, borderline cardiorespiratory status, AIDS with increased AVP levels, and in those treated with high dose TMP-SMZ [71-73]. The use of a smaller volume (50 ml) of isotonic sodium chloride solution as diluent for TMP-SMZ should mitigate this potential problem [74]. 

Isotonic (0.9%) sodium chloride is used commonly as an intraoperative intravenous (i.v.) replacement fluid in species other than the horse. Isotonic sodium chloride has a higher ratio of chloride to sodium than plasma and, therefore, reduces the strong ion difference and causes mild hyperchloremic acidosis in normal ponies (Gossett et al 1990a). This limits its utility as a resuscitation fluid in the horse, as most horses requiring fluid resuscitation already have acidosis. Isotonic sodium chloride should not be used for resuscitation unless indicated by measured electrolyte abnormalities. A possible exception is in foals with ruptured bladders, which are highly likely to be hypochloremic, hyponatremic and hyperkalemic. 

Fluconazole, USP. a-(2.4-Difluorophenyl)-benzyl alcohol (Diflucan) is a water-soluble bis-triazole with broad-spectrum antifungai properties that is suitable for both oral and intravenous administration a.s the free ba.se. Intravenous solutions of fluconazole contain 2 mg of the free base in I mL of isotonic sodium chloride or 5% dextrose vehicle. 

It is ab.surbed in 4 to 6 weeks when used as a surgical sponge. When applied topically to control capillary bleeding, it should be moistened with. sterile isotonic sodium chloride solution or thrombin solution. 

Aggressive treatment requires administering an antimicrobial medication intravenously (IV). The antimicrobial medication is diluted in a neutral solution (pH 7.0 to 7.2), such as normal saline (NS), isotonic sodium chloride, or 5% dextrose and water (D5W). Antimicrobial medication can be administered as a piggyback infusion. 

Plastic containers, e.g., infusion bags and syringes, are regularly presterilized by the use of ethylene oxide. A limit value for the content of ethylene oxide is given by the European Pharmacopoeia (2002), but small amounts of this highly reactive substance extracted into the contents may be sufficient to influence stability, e.g., by the formation of photosensitizers or reactions with the drug substance. The presence of ethylene oxide was demonstrated to accelerate degradation of cisplatin in isotonic sodium chloride (Zieske et al., 1991). 

White powder, granules, scales. Freely sol in water, in isotonic sodium chloride soln, in glucose solns. Also sol in alcohol, glycerol, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform. Insol in fixed oils, liquid petrolatum. pH of an aq soln contg 20,000 units per ml is 5.0 to 6.5. 

Crystalline antibiotic, moderately hygroscopic. Dec 214-2 IT. [ojff +285-310 (c = 0.7). Freely sol in water, in isotonic sodium chloride soln, and in dextrose solns. Sol in methanol, ethanol, glycerol. pH of 3% aq soln 5.0 to 7.5. Solutions stored at refrigerator temps remain stable for several days. They are rapidly inactivated by acids, alkali hydroxides, and by oxidizing agents. One milligram of benzyl penicillin potassium is equivalent to 1595 units. One international Or U.S.P. penicillin unit is equivalent to 0.6 micrograms of benzylpenicillin sodium. 

Crystals. A trihydrate and a sesquibydrate have been obtained. The anhydr form exists in two cryst modifications. Usually long, fine, blunt-ended needles from water + butanol. After dryiug in vacuo over P20, and then at 55-60 in high vacuum mp 204-205 (with decompn, open capillary in block preheated to 200 ). [ojj +316 (c — 0.88). pK in water at 5° — 2.83 at 25 — 2.87. Very sol in water, in isotonic sodium chloride soln and in glucose solns also sol in alcohol, but is inactivated by this solvent, likewise by glycerol and other primary alcohols insol in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, liquid petrolatum. 

S1I -labelled form, iodinaled (,lll) human serum albumin, J,f HSA, Albumotope u,f, Macroscan-131, Risa-I31-H. Normal human serum albumin mildly jodinated with radio-active iodine (1311) which has a half-life of 8 days, and emits beta and gamma rays. Contains not more than one atom of iodine par molecule of albumin (mol wt 60,000). Physical and chemical proparties essentially the same as those of albumin. Stable at 10° for at least 3 weeks. Supplied for injection in aq isotonic sodium chloride soln. 

The immediate management of patients with acute adrenal insufficiency includes intravenous therapy with isotonic sodium chloride solution supplemented with 5% glucose and corticosteroids and appropriate therapy for precipitating causes such as infection, trauma, or hemorrhage. Because cardiovascular function often is reduced in the setting of adrenocortical insufficiency, the patient should be monitored for evidence of volume overload such as pulmonary edema. After an initial intravenous bolus of 100 mg, hydrocortisone (cortisol) should be given by continuous infusion at a rate of 50-100 mg every 8 hours. At this dose, which approximates the maximum daily rate of cortisol secretion in response to stress, hydrocortisone overwhelms the 11/1HSD2 barrier in mineralo-corticoid-responsive tissues and has sufficient mineralocorticoid activity to meet all requirements. As the patient stabilizes, the hydrocortisone dose may be decreased to 25 mg every 6-8 hours. Thereafter, patients are treated in the same fashion as those with chronic adrenal insufficiency see below). 

Transport mechanisms in leaky epithelia are less well understood. For example, the proximal tubule and the gall bladder can transport large volumes of isotonic sodium chloride. 

Isothiocyanic acid, phenethyl ester. See Phenethyl isothiocyanate Isothioindigo. See Thioindigo Isothiourea. See Thiourea Isothymol. See Carvacrol Isopropyl-p-cresol Isotonic sodium chloride sol n. 

Isotonic sodium chloride sol n. Jelene ophthalmics, pharmaceuticals Benzoyl peroxide EthyleneA/A copolymer Magnesium chloride Methacrylic acid ... 

Ethylene thiourea Glucanase L-Glutamic acid Glutaric anhydride Hydrazine Hydroxypropyl-a-cyclodextrin Hydroxypropyl-3-cyclodextrin Hydroxypropyl-y-cyclodextrin 12-Hydroxystearyl alcohol Jodamide Iodine Isotonic sodium chloride sol n. Japan (Rhus succedanea) wax Jelene Lactic acid Lauryl pyrrolidone Lauryl sulfate Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium citrate Manganese chloride (ous), anhydrous Manganese chloride (ous), tetrahydrate Mercury oxide (ic), red Methyl acetoacetate Methyl aspartic acid... 

Why don t blood cells shrink or swell in an isotonic sodium chloride solution (0.9% saline) ... 

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