Horse requirements

Isotonic (0.9%) sodium chloride is used commonly as an intraoperative intravenous (i.v.) replacement fluid in species other than the horse. Isotonic sodium chloride has a higher ratio of chloride to sodium than plasma and, therefore, reduces the strong ion difference and causes mild hyperchloremic acidosis in normal ponies (Gossett et al 1990a). This limits its utility as a resuscitation fluid in the horse, as most horses requiring fluid resuscitation already have acidosis. Isotonic sodium chloride should not be used for resuscitation unless indicated by measured electrolyte abnormalities. A possible exception is in foals with ruptured bladders, which are highly likely to be hypochloremic, hyponatremic and hyperkalemic. 

The "shock dose" concept is borrowed from small animal medicine. The shock dose for adult horses and neonatal foals is 50-80ml/kg crystalloid fluids. Depending on the perceived degree of hypovolemia, one-quarter to one-half of the shock dose is given as rapidly as possible (in less than 20 min) and the horse is reassessed. If the horse requires further fluid, another quarter of the shock dose is given and again the horse is reassessed. The final quarter of the shock dose is only given to severely hypovolemic horses. 

Fig. 2-22. A Field Artillery unit prepared for chemical war. Both the men and the horses required protection against the agents. Photograph Chemical and Biological Defense Command Historical Research and Response Team, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.

Maintenance and Reliability Preventive maintenance requires that all engines be shut down at periodic intervals for inspection and repair. For properly maintained heavy-duty engines availability is over 97 percent, with maintenance costs of 2.50 to 5 per horse-power-year and lubricating-oil consumption of 1 to 2 gal/hp-year. While this represents a high degree of reliability, outages of heavy-duty engines are more frequent than those of electric motors or steam turbines. 

Health, Environmental, Quarantine and Other Regulations Many countries have strict regulations designed to protect the ecosystem and agrochemical business. For example any matrix material derived from pork, beef, sheep or horse tissue has to be accompanied with a Veterinary Certificate confirming that the matrix material is free of certain specified diseases before it can be imported into the EU. The Australian import restrictions are even tougher and require the importer to obtain prior permission to import plant and animal materials and products derived from biological materials. To get an import license it is necessary to complete an application, which includes information from the producer about the actual production process used to prepare the matrix ... 

Contrariwise, conservationists have argued that no foreign substances should be discharged into the air and waters. These are natural resources and should be kept pure. The loggers who are using horses in the Bull Run Reservoir area near Portland, Ore., are required to diaper their horses to protect the water quality. What about wild animals such as deer They, like all the other plants and animals, excrete wastes. Often it seems that conservationists consider that it is only man, his domestic animals, factories, and machines that pollute. Purity implies wastes only from natural sources. ... 

Materials required AChE preparations, commercial acetylcholinesterase, horse (blood) serum preparation, human (blood) serum preparation, or matrix biotests with these immobilized enzyme (see section 15.2.1)... 

Playing horse shoes (choice d) only requires good hand-eye coordination. 

Globular proteins were much more difficult to prepare in an ordered form. In 1934, Bernal and Crowfoot (Hodgkin) found, that crystals were better preserved if they were kept in contact with their mother liquor sealed in thin-walled glass capillaries. By the early 1940s crystal classes and unit cell dimensions had been determined for insulin, horse haemoglobin, RNAase, pepsin, and chymotrypsin. Complete resolution of the structures required identification of the crystal axes and some knowledge of the amino acid sequence of the protein—requirements which could not be met until the 1950s. 

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