Irritant biocides

Skin contact with metalworking fluids may cause skin irritation or a contact irritant dermatitis. Contact with neat oils may cause folliculitis (oil acne). Contact with some aqueous-mix fluids may, depending upon the additives, e.g. biocides, cause an allergic contact dermatitis. Formerly the use of unrefined mineral oils posed a risk of skin cancer. 

PHMB is very toxic to fish and aquatic life. It is moreover irritating to skin and may cause sensitization by skin contact. It can cause irritation to the eyes, nose and respiratory tract. The PHMB is not compatible with most common swimming pool chemicals. Not compatible with chlorine and chlorinated chemicals and bromine donors. Not compatible with ionic sterilizers, copper based QAC-algicides, anionic detergents, water softening chemicals, persulfate oxidants etc. The defence of the inventors of PHMB is that one should not combine it with other biocides because it should be a bactericide/algicide. But the algicidal properties of PHMB are very weak in brochures and manuals the dose is 200 ppm. 

Ballantyne B, Myers RC, Blaszcak DL Influence of alkalinization of glutaraldehyde biocidal solutions on acute toxicity, primary irritancy, and skin sensitization. Vet Hum Toxicol 39(6) 340-346, 1997... 

Isothiazoline is a widely used biocide, but it is not effective against anaerobic bacteria. It is deactivated by hydrogen sulfide leaks. Also, do not dose to closed systems (because of the presence of 0.2% copper and 2 to 3% magnesium salts, which are used as product stabilizers and can increase the risk of galvanic corrosion). Additionally, the high pH of closed-loop systems will hydrolyze isothiazoline. Automated feed systems may be useful for dosing isothiazolines due to the severe skin irritant nature of this material. 

Because chlorine is inactivated by blood, serum, feces, and protein-containing materials, surfaces should be cleaned before chlorine disinfectant is applied. Undissociated hypochlorous acid (HOC1) is the active biocidal agent. When pH is increased, the less active hypochlorite ion, OC1 , is formed. When hypochlorite solutions contact formaldehyde, the carcinogen /v.v-chloromethyl is formed. Rapid evolution of irritating chlorine gas occurs when hypochlorite solutions are mixed with acid and urine. Solutions are corrosive to aluminum, silver, and stainless steel. 

As a way of overcoming the problems mentioned above, we first created an inclusion complex that was extremely effective in stabilizing Cl-MIT and reducing its irritant properties. [3] However, despite being able to develop the production process commercially, the initial host compound was a halide which was complicated to produce, so it was necessary to develop a new host compound that is less hazardous to the environment and is easy to manufacture. With this aim, we investigated the new hosts that form inclusion complexes with Cl-MIT, using various nonhalide phenol or carboxylic acid compounds which are easily available commercially. We found out that ten types of compound form inclusion complexes with Cl-MIT. We then evaluated the performance of these inclusion complexes, and consequently it became clear that 4,4 -ethylidenebisphenol is the most efficient host. Also, we succeeded in commercially producing a new biocide complex. 

Some VOCs can be malodorous pollutants, sensory irritants, or hazardous air pollutants. Hazardous VOC air pollutants include acetaldehyde, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ethylbenzene, formaldehyde, hexane, methylene chloride, naphthalene, paradichlorobenzene, pesticides (biocides), styrene, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, trichloroethylene, and xylenes. They are found in essentially all indoor locations, released by off gassing from numerous sources, such as construction and decorating materials, consumer products, paints, paint removers, furnishings, carpets, and from combustion of wood, kerosene, and tobacco. While more than 500 VOCs have... 

Halogenated (mostly Cl and Br) biocides (such as hypochloride or DBDMH, see Tab. 6.3-1) are the most commonly used chemicals for sanitizing water. They are strong oxidizers and, as dust and products of decomposition (below), irritate respiratory tracts. Therefore, airborne, inhalable fine particles and all dust must be avoided. This is also true for non-chlorine (or bromine) oxidizers that are used for the same... 

Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons Difficulty in breathing dizziness vomiting cardiac failure death damage to the skin and liver bronchitis irritation of mucous membranes chlorine acne fatigue some compounds are carcinogenic Accumulation in fatty tissue, liver, kidneys, central nervous system Biocides preservatives... 

NRL is an irritant because of the protein allergens and can cause allergic skin reactions associated with type I (immediate effect) hypersensitivities of hand dermotoses and immunologic contact urticaria . It is also possible to have type IV (delayed effect) hypersensitivities of NRL, due to the chemicals added during its processing (such as accelerators of the thiuram/carbamate/mercaptobenzothiazole types needed for vulcanisation, a number of different antioxidants/antiozonants, emulsifiers, extenders, colorants, retarders, stiffeners, biocides). Either of these types can be serious and even life threatening in some cases [75]. 

Formula [CH3(CH2)9N(CH3)2(CH2)9CH3]"Cr Properties Liq. sol. in acetone extremely sol. in benzene m.w. 362.08 cationic Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 84 mg/kg, (IP, rat) 45 mg/kg poison by ing. and IP routes primary irritant causes eye damage and skin irritation harmful if swallowed TSCA listed Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits very toxic fumes of NOx, NH3, and Cl Uses Biocide for disinfectant and laundry formulations disinfectant sanitizer mildew preventive in commercial laundries water treatment wood preservatives fungicide, bactericide for food processing, breweries hard-surf, disinfection/sanitization surfactant antiseptic for topicals (hand scrubs, teat dips, athlete s foot prevention) antistat, surfactant, emulsifier in cosmetics in cellophane for food pkg. 

Empirical C7H12N2O4 Properties M.w. 188.21 Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 2 g/kg primary irritant TSCA listed Precaution May release formaldehyde Uses Biocide antimicrobial, preservative for cosmetics, pharmaceutical topicals intermediate... 

Toxicology Toxic severe irritant irritating to eyes, skin, respiratory system TSCA listed Uses Biocide, disinfectant for medical and veterinary fields... 

Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes Uses Biocide in marine antifouling paints pesticide preservative in food-pkg. adhesives Regulatory FDA 21CFR 175.105 Manuf./Distrib. ABCR http //www.abcr.de] Aldrich http //www.sigma-aldrich.com] Fluka http //WWW. sigma-aidrich. com... 

Owing to their compatibility with cationic biocides, amphoteric and amine oxide surfactants continue to be used widely in the development and formulation of disinfectants and sanitizers for personal care, household, industrial, and institutional markets. For instance, substituted imidazoline amphoteric surfactants, in combination with didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, have been found to display unexpected synergistic irritation reduction compared to formulas with alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides [57]. Also, imidazoline derivatives and betaines are known to impart moderate cleansing without causing skin roughness, stickiness, or irritating reactions with cationic disinfectants [58], Amphoteric surfactants are also suitable for use in antimicrobial medications requiring subcutaneous, cutaneous, or mucosal membrane administration [36]. 

Dichlorophene (Anthiphen, Dicestal, Didroxane, Di-phenthane-70, G-4, Hyosan, Parabis, Plath-lyse, Preventol G-D, Teniathane, Teniatol, Wespuril, CAS no. 97-23-4). This is a biocide in many soaps, shampoos, hair tonics, liquid make-up products, etc. As a preservative in many dentifrices, it has caused dermatitis of the mouth, mostly allergic, with cheilitis and stomatitis (Andersen and Ham-ann 1984). The patch-test concentration is 1% pet. Irritant patch tests are common. Photoallergic reactions are reported (Menz et al. 1982). Crossreactions with bithionol, hexachlorophene and halogenated salicylanilides are possible. 

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