IPSCs cells

Lian XJ, Zhang JH, Azarin SM et al (2013) Directed cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells by modulating Wnt/beta-catenin signaling under frilly defined conditions. Nat Protoc 8(1) 162-175. Sirenko O, Crittenden C, Callamaras N et al (2013) Multiparameter in vitro assessment of compound effects on cardiomyocyte physiology using iPSC cells. J Biomol Screen 18(1) 39-53... 

Bovine caipometacarpal joint (trabecular bone) Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) + sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)+DNase and RNase treatments Human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs), human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) (ceU line H9), human iPSCs (cell lines 11c, 1013A, and BCI) NA de Peppo et al. (2013), Grayson et al. (2008, 2011), Maroltet al. (2012), FrohUch et al. (2010)... 

There have been a number of observations which show increased excitation and/or reduced inhibition in slices prepared from human epileptic brain tissue. Thus burst discharges can be evoked with stimuli that would not do so in normal animal tissue and these can be blocked by NMD A receptor antagonists. The inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in hippocampal dentate granule cells in slices prepared from temporal lobe epileptic tissue are in fact reduced by stimulation that activates NMDA currents (Isokawa 1996), which are more prolonged than usual and show changes in slope conductance. 

Cell transplantation has shown promise as a method for treating serious diseases. Various kinds of pluripotent stem cells have been developed or identified, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Moreover, the differentiation of stem cells to functional cells has been extensively studied. Previous studies have demonstrated that the transplantation of islet of Langerhans cells (islets) could successfully treat type 1 diabetes. Islets are insulin-secreting cells found in the pancreas. Over 200 patients... 

Pinches, Tildesley, and Smith presented details of a parallel algorithm based on the linked-cell technique for systems of atoms in two and three dimensions using a number of decompositions into subunits. i The algorithm was tested on an Intel iPSC/2 and on a Cray X-MP/416, and the results were presented for simulations of up to 2 X 10 atoms. 

Moreover the systems are proving their importance in the earlier phase of drug discovery process, and in the future many drug discovery companies will adopt the cardiotoxicity prediction assays with iPSC- or ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes. The ECVAM urges the development and validation of cardiotoxicity assays in cardiomyocytes. 

Human podocytes cell lines have been developed by transfection of primary cells with SV40TAg or SV40tsA58 alone or in combination with hTERT [140-142], It has been shown that under non-permissive culture they reexpress podocyte markers such as podocin, nephrin, synaptopodin, and P-cadherin [142], The use of kidney progenitor cells and human induced pluripotent cells (iPSC) to produce podocyte-like cells has also been demonstrated and is discussed in more detail in Chap. 15. 

A highly efficient (up to 2 %) and therefore very promising non-integrative technique to produce iPSCs is the use of synthetic mRNA and is called RNA-mediated directed differentiation of RNA-iPS (RiPS) cells [39], Since ssRNA activates antiviral defense responses, including interferon and NFicB-dependant pathways, this approach uses modified synthetic mRNA in combination with an interferon inhibitor. For cellular uptake a complex of RNA with cationic vehicle is generated that will be endocytosed by the cell. To successfully generate iPSCs from somatic cells, including fibroblast-like cells obtained from skin biopsies, Lin-28 was added to the OSKM... 

The development of differentiation protocols for human iPSC-derived hepatocytes requires benchmarking studies against primary human hepatocytes and commonly used hepatocyte cell lines. A recent study compared human iPSC-derived hepatocytes (hiPSC-Hep) with primary human hepatocytes and the HepG2 cell line... 

Fig. 1 Cartoon showing stages of iPSC generation and target cell differentiation...

Li Y et al (2011) Generation of iPSCs from mouse fibroblasts with a single gene, Oct4, and small molecules. Cell Res 21(1) 196-204... 

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