IPSCs

There have been a number of observations which show increased excitation and/or reduced inhibition in slices prepared from human epileptic brain tissue. Thus burst discharges can be evoked with stimuli that would not do so in normal animal tissue and these can be blocked by NMD A receptor antagonists. The inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in hippocampal dentate granule cells in slices prepared from temporal lobe epileptic tissue are in fact reduced by stimulation that activates NMDA currents (Isokawa 1996), which are more prolonged than usual and show changes in slope conductance. 

Oliet, S. H. Poulain, D. A. (1999). Adenosine-induced presynaptic inhibition of IPSCs and EPSCs in rat hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus neurones. J. Physiol 520 (3), 815-25. 

Cell transplantation has shown promise as a method for treating serious diseases. Various kinds of pluripotent stem cells have been developed or identified, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Moreover, the differentiation of stem cells to functional cells has been extensively studied. Previous studies have demonstrated that the transplantation of islet of Langerhans cells (islets) could successfully treat type 1 diabetes. Islets are insulin-secreting cells found in the pancreas. Over 200 patients... 

GABAergic inhibition between interneurones can also be enhanced by glutamate spillover from neighboring excitatory synapses acting on kainate receptors (38). In CA1 interneurones, an increase in spontaneous action potential discharge and consequent increase in spontaneous IPSC frequency is observed to kainate and ATPA application (34,36,46,63,83,96,98,103). These effects are in part owing to direct depolarization of... 

Okada, M., Onodera, K Van Renterghem, C Sieghart, W., and Takahashi, T. (2000) Functional correlation of GABAa receptor a subunits expression with the properties of IPSCs in the developing thalamus. J. Neurosci. 15,2202-2208. 

IPSC main roles are to establish the scientific basis for safe use of chemicals, and to strengthen national capabilities and capacities for chemical safety. ... 

Jiittner R, Meier J, Grantyn R (2001) Slow IPSC kinetics, low levels of al subunit expression and paired-pulse depression are distinct properties of neonatal inhibitory GABAergic synaptic connections in the mouse superior colliculus. Eur J Neurosci 13 2088-2098... 

Paolncd E, Berretta N, Tozzi A, et al (2003) Depression of mGlnR-mediated IPSCs by 5-HT in dopamine nenrons of the rat snbstantia nigra pars compacta. Eim J Neimosci 18 2743-2750... 

These sulfuric acid particles become less concentrated as the temperature decreases or the water vapour increases. Under very cold stratospheric conditions, these liquid aerosols may take up water and HNO, forming ternary solutions H,S0/HN0,/H,0, which eventually freeze [19,24,26], Below 192 K, HNO, becomes the dominant condensed acid, and H,S04 drops to below 3 wt %. The thermodynamics and freezing nucleation of ice and H,S04 or HNO, hydrates from such solutions are however not well understood [27,28]. Other types of solid particles, such as the less stable nitric acid dihydrate (NAD, HN0,.2H,0) [29], sulfriric acid tetrahydrate (SAT, H S04.4H,0) [18,30], sulphuric acid hemihexahydrate (SAH, H2S04.6.5H20) [18], nitric acid penta-hydrate (NAP, HN03.5H,0) [31] and more complex sulfuric acid/nitric acid mixed hydrates [32] may also be a key to understanding Type IPSC nucleation and evolution [28],... 

The first phase of Hypercube s existence involved contracting for Intel in association with Intel s development of the first commercial highly parallel computer, the Intel iPSC hypercube computer. This is the origin of the com-... 

Consolo S, Wu CF, Fusi R (1987) Di receptor-linked mechanism modulates cholinergic neurotransmission in rat striatum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 242 300-5 Consolo S, Arnaboldi S, Giorgi S, Russi G, Ladinsky H (1994) 5-HT4 receptor stimulation facilitates acetylcholine release in rat frontal cortex. Neuroreport 5 1230-2 Cooper AJ, Stanford IM (2001) Dopamine D2 receptor mediated presynaptic inhibition of stri-atopallidal GABAa IPSCs in vitro. Neuropharmacol 41 62-71 Cox B, Kerwin RW, Lee TF, Pycock CJ (1980) A dopamine-5-hydroxytryptamine link in the hypothalamic pathways which mediate heat loss in the rat. J Physiol 303 9-21 Dailly E, Chenu F, Renard CE, Bourin M (2004) Dopamine, depression and antidepressants. Fun-dam Clin Pharmacol 18 601-7... 

Gomez-Ramirez J, Ortiz J, Blanco I (2002) Presynaptic H3 autoreceptors modulate histamine synthesis through cAMP pathway. Mol Pharmacol 61 239-45 Goncalves J, Bultmann R, Driessen B (1996) Opposite modulation of cotransmitter release in guinea pig vas deferens increase of noradrenaline and decrease of ATP release by activation of prejunctional beta-adrenoceptors. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s Arch Pharmacol 353 184-92 Gonzalez-Islas C, Hablitz J (2001) Dopamine inhibition of evoked IPSCs in rat prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 86 2911-18... 

Smith BN, Davis SF, van den Pol AN et al (2002) Selective enhancement of excitatory synaptic activity in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius by hypocretin 2. Neuroscience 115 707-14 Smith-White MA, Herzog H, Potter EK (2002) Role of neuropeptide Y Y2 receptors in modulation of cardiac parasympathetic neurotransmission. Regul Peptides 103 105-11 Stanford IM, Cooper Al (1999) Presynaptic mu and delta opioid receptor modulation of GABAa IPSCs in the rat globus pallidus in vitro. 1 Neurosci 19 4796 4803 Starke K (1977) Regulation of noradrenaline release by presynaptic receptor systems. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 77 1-124... 

Fig. 3 Depolarization-induced supression of Inhibition (DSI) is endocannabinoid and CB1 receptor-mediated, (a) Current traces showing evoked and spontaneous IPSCs before and after a 2 sec depolarization from —60 to OmV in the absence (top) and presence (bottom) of the CB1 antagonist SR141716A (SR). Asterisks denote the evoked IPSCs bracket indicates the period of depolarization, (b) Individual evoked IPSCs evoked before and just after depolarization shown at higher temporal resolution in the absence (left) and presence (right) of SR.

Rhee JS, Wang ZM, Nabekura J, Inoue K, Akaike N (2000) ATP facilitates spontaneous glycin-ergic IPSC frequency at dissociated rat dorsal horn interneuron synapses. J Physiol (Lond) 524 471-83... 

KeUer AF, Breton JD, Schlichter R, Poisbeau P (2(X)4) Production of 5alpha-reduced neurosteroids is developmentaUy regulated and shapes GABA(A) miniature IPSCs in lamina II of the spinal cord. J Neurosd 24 907—915... 

Pinches, Tildesley, and Smith presented details of a parallel algorithm based on the linked-cell technique for systems of atoms in two and three dimensions using a number of decompositions into subunits. i The algorithm was tested on an Intel iPSC/2 and on a Cray X-MP/416, and the results were presented for simulations of up to 2 X 10 atoms. 

Our third applications example highlights the work of Nakano et al. in modeling structural correlations in porous silica. MD simulations of porous silica in the density range 2.2—0.1 g/cm were carried out on a 41,472-particle system using an iPSC/860. Internal surface area, ratio of pore surface to volume, pore size distribution, fractal dimension, correlation length, and mean particle size were determined as a function of the density, with the structural transition between a condensed amorphous phase and a low density porous phase characterized by these quantities. Various dissimilar porous structures with different fractal dimensions were obtained by controlling the preparation schedule and the temperature. 

The Intel iPSC-860 is a hypercube MIMD system that scales to 128 i860 RISC processing nodes with up to 32 Mbyte of memory. The i860 peak performance is 40 MFLOPS for double-precision matrix multiply and 60 MFLOPS for algorithms that can do two adds and a multiply on the same instruction cycle. The interprocessor communication rate is 2.8 Mbyte/s. Each node runs the proprietary N/X operating system and is limited to a single user process. The machine is space-shared, and each partition must be a subcube of the system that is, the number of nodes used for a particular job must be a power... 

FLIPR Tetra System iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (iCell cardiomyocytes) IC50/EC50 (beating rate) (nM)... 

Efficient Protocols for Differentiation ofhPSC/iPSC to Generate Cardiomyocytes... 

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