Iodine reproduction

C03-0144. The thyroid gland produces hormones that help regulate body temperature, metabolic rate, reproduction, the synthesis of red blod cells, and more. Iodine must be present in the diet for these thyroid hormones to be produced. Iodine deficiency leads to sluggishness and weight gain, and can cause severe problems in the development of a fetus. One thyroid hormone is thyroxine, whose chemical formula is... 

Trifolium pratense L. T. repens L. Che Zhou Cao (Red clover) (whole plant) Phytoestrogens, genisteine, iodine, daidzein, formononetin.33-48-221 Stimulating effect on female reproductive organs. 

Figure 9.15 The halogens have many varied uses - fluoride in toothpaste to help reduce dental decay, chlorine in household bleach to kill bacteria, bromine as a fire retardant, and iodine in photographic reproduction.

Commonly used radiopharmaceuticals are carbon 14 (ti/2 30 years), cobalt 57 (ti/2 271 days), cobalt-58 (ti/2 70.8 days), gold-198 (ti/2 2.7 days), iodine-123 (ti/2 12.3 hours), iodine-125 O1/2 60 hours), iodine-131 (ti/2 8.04 days), and tritium (ti/2 12.3 years). The iodine radioisotope is used to study thyroid function and is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma. Various monoclonal antibodies labeled with iodine-171 are used for the detection of malignant neoplasms. Genetic damage is a dangerous side effect of radioactive isotopes prior to and during the reproductive period. Exposure to large doses leads to leukopenia, anemia, skin inflammation, radiation sickness, and neoplasm. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal and intraduodenal routes. Mildly toxic by ingestion. Experimental reproductive effects. Questionable carcinogen with experimental mmorigenic and teratogenic data. Reacts explosively with iodine pentafluoride + tetrafluoroethylene (the pentafluoride reacts exothermically with the... 

An experimental teratogen. Human systemic effects by skin contact ear tinnitus. Mutation data reported. A skin and severe eye irritant. Experimental reproductive effects. Incompatible with iron salts, spirit nitrous ether, lead acetate, iodine. Used in the manufacture of aspirin. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. 

SAFETY PROFILE An inhalation hazard. Mildly toxic by an unspecified route. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. A skin and eye irritant. Flammable in the form of dust when exposed to flame. The powdered metal may ignite on contact with air or oxidants (e.g., bromine pentafluoride, bromine, chlorine trifluoride, potassium perchlorate, potassium dichromate, nitryl fluoride, fluorine, oxygen difluoride, iodine pentafluoride, hydrogen sulfide, sodium peroxide, lead(IV) oxide). 

Often biological or biochemical functions are not realized over all the time throughout the lifecycle of some organism but rather operate for limited times and occasions such as reproduction, metamorphosis (role of iodine in amphibia), synthesis of hormons or other signaling components or of anti-eating poisons or repellants or detoxification agents like metallothion-eins. In such cases, the autocatalytic order related to... 

K. Onuki, H. Nakajima, M. Futakawa, I. loku and S. Shimizu, A study on the Iodine-Sulfur thermochemical hydrogen production process, Principle of Exergy Reproduction (No. 256) supported by the Grant-Aid on Priority Areas, Ministry of Education, JAPAN (1998). 

Tab. 9.4-22 Effect of iodine deficiency on reproductive performance of goats and mortality of kids...

In adult ruminants, in addition to an impairment of female reproductive performance (see Table 9.4-21), male fertility has also been related to iodine deficiency. A... 

In this respect, the suggested maximum tolerable dietary levels of iodine for common livestock in the European Union is lOmgkg feed DM. For solipeds (horses, etc.), the highest tolerable iodine concentration has been limited to 4 mg kg feed DM. Horses are considerably less tolerant to iodine excess (5 mg kg feed DM) than cattle, sheep, and poultry (NRG 1980, Hetzel and Maberly 1986, McDowell 1992). Supplementation in the amounts stated above is dangerous for the reproductive performance. An influence on the growth of chicken embryos and brain development has also been reported (Travnicek et al. 1997). 

Ammeeman CB, Arrington LR, Waenick AC, Edwards JL, Shirley RL and Davis GJ (1964). Reproduction and lactation in ratsficd excessive iodine. J Nut. 84(2), 107-112. 

Geoppel B, Anke M and Keonemann H (1985b) Influence of iodine supply on reproduction and the iodine content of milk, blood, hair and several other organs of ruminants. In Mills CF, Brenmer 1 and Chesters JK eds. Trace Elements in Man and Animals — TEMA 5, pp. 279 — 282. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Eamham Royal, Slough SL2 3BN, UK. 

Iodine may have originally emerged as a substrate for thyroid hormone production due to the corresponding need to modulate growth, reproduction, metabohc rate, and lifespan. 

---