Reproductive performance

Water-insoluble barium salts are poorly absorbed. In fact, barium sulfate is used as a contrast material for x-ray examination of the gastrointestinal tract based on its limited solubility andlow toxicity (52). Barium sulfate fed to mice at various levels up to 8 ppm dietary Ba ( 1.14 mg/kg-d as Ba " ) for three generations had no significant effects on growth, mortality, morbidity, or reproductive performance (53). 

In a three-generation reproduction study with DOSS on rats [76] it was shown that administering DOSS in the diet of three successive generations of rats at levels of 0.5% and 1.0% caused a reduction in body weight for parental males in all generations and for FI and F2 females. However, the reduced body weight did not interfere with development of normal reproductive performance. 

Sortur SM, Kaliwal BB. 1999. Effect of methyl parathion formulation on estrous cycle and reproductive performance in albino rats. Indian J Exp Biol 37 176-178. 

Three studies examined the effects of endosulfan exposure on reproductive performance in rats. Consumption of estimated doses of endosulfan of up to 9 and 8 mg/kg/day by male and female rats, respectively, for 2 weeks prior to mating and continued consumption throughout gestation resulted in no adverse effect on mating performance, pregnancy rate, or gestation (Hoechst 1982). This study is limited in that the actual intake of test material was quantified only during the first 2 weeks of exposure, and a relatively small number of animals was used. Similarly, consumption of 5 mg/kg/day by male rats and... 

In summary, although the available reproductive studies indicate endosulfan has no adverse effects on reproductive performance in animals, adverse effects on male reproductive organs have been seen in young rats and mice. The lack of effects seen in the studies that examined reproductive performance (specifically fertility rate) in treated males and females seems difficult to explain, given the finding of altered spermatogenesis in the more recent studies. 

In that study there was an inverse correlation between reproductive performance and severity of gonadal intersex (Jobling et al. 2002b). 

Brian, J.V., Harris, C.A., and Scholze, M. et al. (2007). Evidence of estrogenic mixtnre effects on the reproductive performance of fish. Environmental Science and Technology 41, 337-344. 

Harries, J.E., Runnalls, T, and Hill, E. et al. (2000). Development of a reproductive performance test for endocrine disrupting chemicals using pair-breeding fathead minnows Pimephales promelas). Environmental Science and Technology 34, 3003-3011. 

Mice exposed to 2,000 ppm of trichloroethylene, 4 hours/day for a 5-day period, had a significant increase in abnormal sperm morphology of 1% 28 days after the exposure (Land et al. 1981). No effect was seen at 200 ppm. A 6% increase in abnormal sperm was observed 4 weeks, but not 4 days or 10 weeks, after mice were exposed to 100 ppm trichloroethylene 7 hours per day for 5 days (Beliles et al. 1980). Based on the time after exposure at which sperm were affected, the study authors indicated that trichloroethylene damages sperm precursor cells but that spermatogonia were either unaffected or were capable of recovery. Reproductive performance was not tested in these studies. Another mouse study tested the effects of a 5-day exposure (6 hours/day) on spermatid micronuclei frequency no effects were observed at exposure levels of up to 500 ppm, the highest concentration tested (Allen et al. 1994). These results were interpreted as evidence that trichloroethylene did not cause meiotic chromosome breakage or loss. No treatment-related reproductive effects were seen in female rats exposed to 1,800 ppm trichloroethylene for 2 weeks (6 hours/day, 7 days/week) before mating (Dorfmueller et al. 1979). 

Freni and Bloomer 1988 Lagakos et al. 1986a). Available inhalation studies in animals do not fully characterize the reproductive effects following inhalation exposure. Only abnormal sperm morphology has been reported after inhalation exposure however reproductive performance was not evaluated in these studies... 

Dansereau M, Lariviere N, Du Tremblay D, Belanger D. 1999. Reproductive performance of two generations of female semidomesticated mink fed diets containing organic mercury contaminated freshwater fish. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 36 221-226. 

Wekesa K. and Lepri J.J. (1994). Removal of the vomeronasal organ reduces reproductive performance and aggression in male Prairie voles. Chem Senses 19, 35-45. 

In a comparison of reproductive performance between organic and conventional dairy herds in Norway, Reksen, et al. (1999) found that organic dairy cows bred less successfully when mated in winter than... 

Table 3.13 Effect of ewe size and reproductive performance on ewe stocking rate and lamb output per ha.

Mice Manure-fertilised wheat versus conventional feed Less testes degeneration and similar reproductive performance in mice fed manure-fertilised wheat. (Scott et aL, 1960)... 

Sharma, S. and K.C. Kanwar. 1985. Reproductive performance in mice following lead administration. Res. Bull. Panjab Univ. 36 389-394. 

Shannon, V.C. 1976. The Effects of Mirex on the Reproductive Performance and Behavioral Development of the Prairie vole Micropterus ochrogaster. Ph.D. thesis, Iowa State Univ., Ames. 318 pp. 

Bixler, A. and Tang-Martinez, Z. (2006) Reproductive performance as a function of inbreeding in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). J. Mammal. 87, 944-949. 

Alexander, D.J., S.E.Libretto, M.J.Adams, E.W.Hughes, and M.Bannerman. 1996. HFA-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) effects of inhalation exposure upon reproductive performance, development and maturation of rats. Human Exp. Toxicol. 15 508—517. 

Reproductive Performance and Developmental Toxicity Studies. These will be dictated by the product, clinical indication and intended patient population. 

Reproduction studies (fertility and general reproductive performance, embryo-toxicity and peri/postnatal toxicity) ... 

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