Solid-state circuitry

The result of these developments was a drastic price reduction in all aspects of solid-state circuitry. The cost per unit of information (bit) has dropped by an estimated three orders of magnitude in the last twenty years. 

Redding, R.J., "The Use of Solid State Circuitry Within Hazardous Areas", 3rd International Conference on Electrical Safety in Hazardous Environments, 1-3 Dec 1982, pages 219-233 Weatherhead, D., "Intrinsic Safety", Measurement and Control, Vol 10 No. 9, Sept 1977, pages 341-349... 

Power proportioning controllers are generally more sophisticated forms of the constant voltage units, employing solid state circuitry and rapid time-constant sensing circuits. An isolation transformer isolates the controller from line voltage fluctuations. If adequate insulation of the column from ambient air changes is provided, the controllers can be quite accurate. 

Power proportioning unit where heating rates are generally electronically controlled by solid state circuitry. 

Hill and Powell (1968) have also discussed the measurement of CO2 in human subjects. A C02-analyzer using solid-state circuitry, capable of following 30 breaths/ min, was described by Hill and Stone (1964). 

The rate amplifier and associated circuits use solid stated circuitry throughout with the exception of one reliable and conservatively rated vacuum tube. The rate system has been tested in the laboratory and... 

Portable, digital pH meters are now available using solid state circuitry and operating on batteries or mains electricity. Pocket si models are also available. 

The decision logic is made up of solid-state circuitry that compares with various inputs. When a combination of inputs requires action, the logic circuitry provides a signal that seals into turn on a solid-state power gate that operates activation devices, such as contactors, circuit breakers, and solenoid pilot valves. Actuation devices in turn control power to the motors that operate valves and drive pumps, or control the air supply to pneumatically operated valves. 

It is important in evaluating this situation to remember the context. In the 50 s fundamental work on pulse polarography decreased polarographic detection limits from about 10 M (dc) to about 10 m (dp). The advent of solid-state circuitry and the beginning of an applications literature for pulse polarography set... 

Metalloids tend to be semiconductors of electricity. That is, their ability to conduct electricity is intermediate between that of metals and that of nonmetals. Metalloids are used in the solid state circuitry found in desktop computers, digital watches, televisions, and radios. 

Since the advent of solid-state circuitry and miniaturized electronics, interest in ultramicroanalysis has grown tremendously, primarily with regard to contamination control and contaminant analysis. Exotic new materials which are being developed are often manufactured under clean-room envirorunents which must be tightly controlled and constantly monitored to ensure the integrity and consistency of the end product. For example, a mere trace of contaminant in a silicon crystal-growing process could jeopardize thousands of circuits. 

Another role for polymer film and surfaces in the world to come is already firmly founded in the notion of modern thin film and integrated electronic circuitry. The era of solid state electronics determines nowadays our use of automata and other elements of highest productivity in international economy, as well being increasing factors in science, eduction, and national security. These capabilities are now primarily embodied in micro circuits, whose integrated form is made directly on single crystal surfaces of silicon or similar semiconductor. 

Economics alone make this probable, for the present industrial applications of integrated circuitry and solid state electronics derived from the original transistor and solid state science now contribute 100 billions per year to the gross national product directly. Further, many elements of our national security depend on the use of these communication and information processing systems in every phase of command, control and weaponry. 

The above concept of forming adhesive bonds in the solid state has been used to demonstrate the possibility of the parallel processing of a multi-chip module substrate, consisting of a multilayered polymer substrate with circuitry embedded on each polymer layer via lithographic processing [43], In this case, it is essential that the polymeric layer retains its dimensional stability so that registration and interconnections between the layers can be achieved using a Pb-Sn solder (see Fig. 28). A copolyester which appears to be ideally suited for this purpose is the 4/1 PHBA/BPT which melts at 320 °C in the randomized form... 

A triode is made from two closely situated pn junctions. These devices are also known as transistors, which is a circuit element that is useful for amplifying or switching currents. Solid-state transistors have revolutionized the electronics industry. Today, very complicated integrated circuits can be made of thousands of semiconductor elements, all contained in a very small package. Such integrated circuitry is vital to the computer, as well as scientific, telecommunication, and many other businesses. Our age is truly the age of the semiconductor ... 

Solid-state detectors are based on diodes. When a reverse-biased diode is struck by a photon, an electron can be ejected from the depletion layer. This creates a mobile hole which moves towards the negative potential in the diode. This flow of current is registered by external circuitry, translating the incident photon as an electric current. 

Electrometer amplifier— An electronic amplifier with an extremely high -> input impedance (Rln > 1014 Q). The device allows measurements of electrical voltages (potentials) at practically zero current. Early devices employed specially designed and selected vacuum tubes (electrometer tubes) operated in a mode with very low grid current. The development of field effect transistors of various types allowed the application of solid-state devices. Electrometer amplifiers are employed in - pH meters (and generally in so-called pi meters, where I stands for ion), all types of instruments for po-tentiometric measurements and in the reference electrode input of -> potentiostats. Because of the high input impedance electrometer amplifiers are sensitive towards electric interferences, consequently some potentiostats have their -> reference electrode input circuitry (essentially an electrometer amplifier) mounted in a separate housing to be attached as close as possible to the reference electrode in order to minimize external interference. 

Use Semiconductor in solid-state devices (transistors, photovoltaic cells, computer circuitry, rectifiers, etc.) organosihcon compounds silicon carbide alloying agent in steels, aluminum, copper, bronze, and iron (ferrosilicon) cermets and special refractories halogenated silanes spring steels deoxidizer in steel manufacture. 

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