Intrinsic safety advantages

It has been shown that the technology can reach acceptable safety standards. There are always opportunities to improve safety, and improvements will continue to be made. It is becoming increasingly clear that safety and economics are not incompatible a reactor which is built and operated to high safety standards tends to be a reliable reactor which earns a good income. Fast reactors with sodium coolant have intrinsic safety advantages which already show in terms of low radiation doses to the operating staff. 

When the early work on the amino-containing compounds showed that they had significant spectrum improvements and intrinsic water solubility, additional analogues were screened for a variety of biological and chemical properties, and especially for once per day dosing. MK-0911 (L-743,872, the heminaminal aza analogue of L-733,560, (Fig. 2) was found to have pharmacokinetic and safety advantages over other derivatives and was therefore selected as the clinical candidate. 

Advantages and disadvantages of intrinsic safety - i can be summarized as follows ... 

Metal hydride is an intermetallic compound that traps hydrogen at moderate pressures. It stores large amounts of hydrogen in an exothermal diffusional process. Some drawbacks are its cost and its heavy weight, and its requirement for very pure hydrogen. Metal hydride advantages include convenience, compactness, stable storage, and intrinsic safety. 

The electrolyte can be fabricated in the form of a thin solid film, thereby eliminating the need of a separator element requirement. The very thin electrolyte, combined with a thin electrode structures, could allow electrode high rate performance and improved lithium everlasting morphology. The possibility of greater intrinsic safety combined with improved rate capability makes the polymer electrolyte battery system a viable candidate for a high-performance battery. Major advantages of polymer electrolyte batteries can be summarized as follows ... 

In the last 30 years, the use of in vitro tools for toxicological studies and evaluation has become relevant and the number of scientific works and techniques has increased day by day. One of the most important advantages of in vitro systems is their ability to serve as model for the central events in the in vivo toxicological process, and a depth evaluation of the intrinsic cellular toxicity can provide useful information for toxicological safety evaluation. 

The major advantage of (fractional) oral clearance as a phenotypic trait is that its value is linearly related to the enzyme s catalytic activity, provided that first-order conditions are present. This requirement, along with any safety considerations, is the main reason the dose of an in vivo probe should be as low as possible, consistent with analytical considerations. Furthermore, it is possible to directly extrapolate this type of trait measure to the disposition of other drugs whose metabolism is mediated by the measured enzyme and also to place the trait value within a therapeutic context. On the other hand, estimation of oral clearance requires multiple blood and urine collections, often over many hours, that are an inconvenience for the study subject and require considerable amounts of analytical time and effort. Because of this, simpler and less time-consuming approaches have often been used. However, it is not always appreciated that such phenotyping tests provide only an indirect measure of metabolizing activity and may be affected by factors other than the enzyme s intrinsic clearance. In addition, it is difficult to relate an indirect trait measure to parameters that are of clinical importance, such as the drug s clearance. 

Organic products have a unique advantage in that they intrinsically incorporate some of these standards and safety verifications. But the majority of these products, perhaps because of their differentiated nature, have not until recently lent themselves to smooth integration into industrial processes or large-scale mass distribution channels. 

Another tendency consolidated in the third phase is the use, when possible and advantageous, of plant solutions based on intrinsic or passive safety. 

One of the most effective safety tools a larger institution can employ is periodic peer-level inspections. Usually, the people who fulfill this role work in the organization they serve, but not in the area being surveyed. Individuals may function on an ad hoc basis, or the institution may select specific individuals and confer on them various formal appellations such as "safety committee member." A peer inspection program has the intrinsic advantage of being perceived as less threatening than other forms of surveys or audits. 

The unique design concepts of PHWR systems offer certain intrinsic advantages with respect to safety, both during normal operations and accident conditions. Some of these inherent features are as follows ... 

---