Intravenous Administration Infusion

Primary therapy is based on disease severity and type of hemorrhage.7 Most patients with mild to moderate disease and a minor bleeding episode can be treated with l-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin [desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)], a synthetic analog of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin. DDAVP causes release of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and factor VIII from endogenous storage sites. This formulation increases plasma factor VIII levels by three- to fivefold within 30 minutes. The recommended dose is 0.3 mcg/kg intravenously (in 50 mL normal saline infused over 15 to 30 minutes) or subcutaneously or 300 meg intranasally via concentrated nasal spray every 12 hours. Peak effect with intranasal administration occurs 60 to 90 minutes after administration, which is somewhat later than with intravenous administration. Desmopressin infusion may be administered daily for up to 2 to 3 days. Tachyphylaxis, an attenuated response with repeated administration, may occur after several doses.8... 

Liposome-encapsulated immunomodulators are currently under investigation in different patient groups although this development has certainly not advanced as far as that with the liposomal anthracyclines. MLV-MTP-PE (multilamellar vesicles-muramyl tripeptide-phos-phatidylethanolamine) was studied in several clinical trials in osteosarcoma patients who developed pulmonary metastases during adjuvant chemotherapy [108], The intravenous administration of MLV-MTP-PE induced tumouricidal properties in monocytes as well as increase in serum IL-1 shortly after intravenous infusion. Furthermore elevations in C-reactive protein, 32-microglobulin and ceruloplasmin were frequently observed. Even higher anti-tumour activity was observed in combination with ifosfamide. These preliminary results suggests that liposome-encapsulated immunomodulators in combination with chemotherapy may be an appropriate treatment for recurrent disease. 

Administration Administer micafungin by intravenous (IV) infusion over the period of 1 hour. More rapid infusions may result in more frequent histamine-mediated reactions. 

Meta-Analysis Group in Cancer. Efficacy of intravenous continuous infusion of fluorouracil compared with bolus administration in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 1998 16( 1 ) 301—308. 

Veltman DJ, van Zijderveld GA, van Dyck R (1996) Epinephrine infusions in panic disorder a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 39 133-140 Westenberg HGM, Den Boer JA (1989) Serotonin fimction in panic disorder effect of L-5-hydroxytryptophan in patients and controls. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 98 283-285 Wetzler S, Asnis GM, DeLecuona JM (1996) Serotonin function in panic disorder intravenous administration of meta-chlorophenylpiperazine. Psychiatry Res 62 77-82 Wiedemann K, Jahn H, Yassom-idis A, Kellner M (2001) Anxiolyticlike effects of atrial natrim-etic peptide on cholecystokinin tetrapeptide-induced panic attacks. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58 371-377... 

The onset of the hypotensive action of sodium nitroprusside is rapid, within 30 seconds after intravenous administration. If a single dose is given, the action lasts for only a couple of minutes. Therefore, sodium nitroprusside must be administered by continuous intravenous infusion. After the infusion is stopped, blood pressure returns to predrug levels within 2 to 3 minutes. 

Route of administration The use of oxytocin for the induction of labor requires intravenous administration. According to Micromedex, pulsatile administration achieves the same results as continuous administration with a significantly lower dose and infusion volume. Intravenous infusion of oxytocin is routinely used postpartum to control uterine bleeding. 

This is widely used in tablet, transdermal and aerosol preparations. Its major haemodynamic effect is venous dilatation arteriolar vasodilatation only occurs at high doses. It is also available for intravenous administration. Nitroglycerine is absorbed by polyvinyl chloride, and infusion sets made with this plastic should not be used. It is not absorbed by glass or polyethylene. 

Esmolol is an ultra-short-acting relatively 31-selective 3-adrenoceptor antagonist with an elimination half-life of about 9 min. After intravenous administration it is rapidly hydrolysed by non-specific esterases in the blood and tissues to a carboxylic acid metabolite. Following an intravenous infusion its haemodynamic effects are short lasting and disappear within 20-30 min. The main indication in the perioperative period is to treat tachycardia. 

This is the amide analogue of procaine hydrochloride. It has an active metabolite with significant class III activity. Procainamide is particularly effective in the treatment of lifethreatening ventricular arrhythmias unresponsive to other therapies. It is also used to maintain sinus rhythm following cardioversion. Intravenous administration can cause hypotension, mainly due to peripheral vasodilatation, and it should not be given faster than 50 mg-min-1. It should be given intravenously as a bolus of 100 mg over 2-5 min, followed by an infusion of 30-90 pg-kg-l-min-1. 

Intravenous administration of dopamine promotes vasodilation of renal, splanchnic, coronary, cerebral, and perhaps other resistance vessels, via activation of Di receptors. Activation of the Di receptors in the renal vasculature may also induce natriuresis. The renal effects of dopamine have been used clinically to improve perfusion to the kidney in situations of oliguria (abnormally low urinary output). The activation of presynaptic D2 receptors suppresses norepinephrine release, but it is unclear if this contributes to cardiovascular effects of dopamine. In addition, dopamine activates Bj receptors in the heart. At low doses, peripheral resistance may decrease. At higher rates of infusion, dopamine activates vascular a. receptors, leading to vasoconstriction, including in the renal vascular bed. Consequently, high rates of infusion of dopamine may mimic the actions of epinephrine. 

Iron dextran is a stable complex of ferric oxyhydroxide and dextran polymers containing 50 mg of elemental iron per milliliter of solution. It can be given by deep intramuscular injection or by intravenous infusion, although the intravenous route is used most commonly. Intravenous administration eliminates the local pain and tissue staining that often occur... 

Continuous intravenous administration of heparin is accomplished via an infusion pump. After an initial bolus injection of 80-100 units/kg, a continuous infusion of about 15-22 units/kg/h is required to maintain the anti-Xa activity in the range of... 

Vitamins Ki and K2 require bile salts for absorption from the intestinal tract. Vitamin Kl is available clinically in oral and parenteral forms. Onset of effect is delayed for 6 hours but the effect is complete by 24 hours when treating depression of prothrombin activity by excess warfarin or vitamin deficiency. Intravenous administration of vitamin Ki should be slow, because rapid infusion can produce dyspnea, chest and back pain, and even death. Vitamin repletion is best achieved with intravenous or oral administration, because its bioavailability after subcutaneous administration is erratic. Vitamin Ki is... 

After intravenous administration it is excreted rapidly, but clinically relevant concentrations accumulate in the central nervous system within 4 days. Melarsoprol is administered in propylene glycol by slow intravenous infusion at a dosage of 3.6 mg/kg/d for... 

Rapid intravenous administration may result in hypotension. Adverse idiosyncratic responses such as flushing, abdominal discomfort, and rash have also been observed. Pulmonary complications (eg, acute respiratory distress syndrome) have been reported in some patients undergoing deferoxamine infusions lasting longer than 24 hours, and neurotoxicity and increased susceptibility to certain infections (eg, with Yersinia enterocolitica) have been described after long-term therapy of iron overload conditions (eg, thalassemia major). 

Dosages and routes of administration Remifentanil is given as intravenous short infusion in doses of 0.5-1 pg/kg or as continuous infusions in the range of 0.0025-2 pg/kg/min. 

After intravenous administration of 175 mg/70 kg to five individuals, the average peak serum concentration was 1.0 mg/L achieved at 12 min.2 The concentration declined by 50% within 30 min. The plasma half-life is reported to be 3 to 4 h with a volume of distribution of 3 to 5 L/kg.1 Continuous infusion of 41 pg/kg/min after a 2-mg/kg bolus produced an average (n = 31) steady-state plasma concentration of 2.2 mg/L.3... 

In the case of formulations intended for intravenous administration, size reduction of APIs to nanometer-sized particles render a sterile, aqueous dispersion of such particles infusible. Indeed, particle size reduction methodologies have advanced to the point where nanometer-sized crystalline API particles can be realized. This size reduction approach provides a valuable formulation alternative to the traditional formulation approach of ensuring that a drug is solubilized before intravenous administration. It alleviates the potential issues associated with utilizing high concentrations of aqueous compatible cosolvents and surfactants to solubilize the drug. 

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