Tissue stains

Tissue repairs Tissues Tissue stains Titan... 

Ruthenium nowadays finds many uses in the electronics industry, particularly for making resistor tracks. It is used as an ingredient in various catalysts and, importantly, in electrode materials, e.g. Ru02-coated titanium elements in the chloralkali industry. Osmium tetroxide is a very useful organic oxidant and, classically, is used as a tissue stain. Both elements are employed in making certain platinum alloys. 

If a section cut through a small sulfur-burned area of a lemon injured on the tree is examined microscopically, coagulation of protoplasm and cell collapse are apparent. Also, the injured tissue stains abnormally dark with safranin indicating the protoplasm has become more acidic than in normal tissue (18). Sides of the peel of lemons burned by sulfur on the tree were found to be higher in total sulfate than were uninjured sides of the same peel. The high total sulfate content of the peel was subsequently found to be due in part to soluble sulfate, as shown by analyses of the expressed cell solution (18). 

Most mycologists consider it fruitless to directly examine clinical specimens for the yeast form of Sporothrix schenckii. The number of yeast cells in the specimen is typically very limited, and their small size and shape are not distinctive. The yeast form of S. schenckii is not easily seen in sections of tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin. 

Optical imaging methods for hypoxia are not yet applicable in vivo but immunohistochemical antibody detection of nitroimi-dazoles (e.g. pimonidazole) has been used extensively for in vitro work and biopsy tissue staining (89). 

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disorder mostly occurring in reproductive-age women characterized by a growth of the endometrium outside the uterine cavity (Oral et al. 1997 Child et al. 2001). Explanations of how the tissue stains this abnormal placement are controversial, although the predominant theory is that retrograde menstruation is the cause (Oral et al. 1997 Child et al. 2001). Additional factors that maybe pivotal in the disease s pathogenesis include immunologic abnormalities, endometrial disorders, and peritoneal dysfunction (Oral et al. 1997 Child et al. 2001). 

Fig. 2.2-1. A neutron capture event seen in relation to the size of the target. Electron microscopic image of uncontrasted tumor tissue, stained for boron by antibodies. The smaller structure surrounded by clusters of dots is the nucleus. The thin structure lined with dots is the cell membrane. The dots are gold particles attached to the antibodies which are specifically directed against the...

Fig. 18 Chemical structure of (a) PTAA, (b) PONT and (c) POMT. (d, e) Fluorescence images of amyloid deposits in tissue stained by PTAA. PTAA bound to amyloid deposits (white arrows) emits light with a yellow-red, color [33]...

Iron dextran is a stable complex of ferric oxyhydroxide and dextran polymers containing 50 mg of elemental iron per milliliter of solution. It can be given by deep intramuscular injection or by intravenous infusion, although the intravenous route is used most commonly. Intravenous administration eliminates the local pain and tissue staining that often occur... 

Figure E3.1.2 (A) Hand-cut section from fresh apple tissue stained with phloroglucinol/HCl. Cell walls of the xylem tracheary elements (spirals) are stained red indicating they are lignified. (B) Increased magnification of A. (C) Hand-cut section from fresh pear tissue stained with phloroglucinol/HCl solution. Walls of the sclereid cells (stone cells center) are stained red indicating they are lignified. This black and white facsimile of the figure is intended only as a placeholder for full-color version of figure go to http //www.currentprotocols.com/colorfigures...

Most adults with iron deficiency anemia require 1-2 g of replacement iron, or 20-40 mL of iron dextran. Most physicians prefer to give the entire dose in a single intravenous infusion in several hundred milliliters of normal saline over 1-2 hours. Intravenous administration eliminates the local pain and tissue staining that often occur with the intramuscular route and allows delivery of the entire dose of iron necessary to correct the iron deficiency at one time. There is no clear evidence that any of the adverse effects, including anaphylaxis, are more likely to occur with intravenous than with intramuscular administration. 

Fig. 3. Panel 2 Light micrographs of A. fumigatus-iniected rat lung tissue stained with toluidine blue-O from (A and B) sham-treated controls and (C and D) animals treated with 0.625 mg/kg of 1.-733,560 (reproduced with permission from Kurtz et al., 1995).

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has advanced considerably since the first edition of this handbook was published in 1983 (1), and the driving force behind that change has been the need for standardization. If tissue staining is to provide consistent, reproducible diagnostic information, it must continue to evolve from an art form to a science. That evolution demands quantitation and reproducibility of methodology, and extending from that, consistency of results. 

Figure 5. Over-digested (8-minute enzymatic digestion) FFPE breast tissue stained with gene probe (red), a centromere reference PNA probe (green) and DAPI (blue). The image shows doughnut formation and uneven DNA counter stain (blue). The arrow points to a nuclei with loss of red signal. The tissue specimen has a normal 1 1 gene to reference ratio at its optimal digestion time (3-minute enzymatic digestion — data not shown).

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