Internal Transmission Line

The recent development of the Internal Transmission Line (INTLI) technology by Sairem should also be... 

The samples used in PTIS measurements are, however, characterized by an effective optical thickness which can be much larger than their physical thickness because of internal reflections or scattering, or of their lateral dimensions. For relatively large impurity concentrations ( 1012cm-3), the internal transmission of a line can tend to zero in such samples, producing saturation effects which are not as obvious as in classical absorption spectroscopy. The result is an apparent FWHM larger than the FWHM measured at the same resolution by classical optical absorption [1,2]. 

In the schematic shown in Figure 4.2.10, the RF path is visible between the two signal sources (RF ports) used for extracting the S parameters, and is composed of a length of microstrip transmission line from each port connected to a model for a series-switch plate . Driven by the 6 mechanical wires at each side, which control its position, the switch plate is internally modeled as an equivalent circuit including transmission line, frequency-dependent resistance, and variable capacitance between the conductor on the plate and the underlap of the ends of the microstrip lines separated by the gap for the switch isolation. As with the beams, this model is defined by a complete set of parameters, such as the dimensions and material properties. Parameters can be adjusted quickly to achieve the desired RF performance for different closing states of the electromechanical structure. 

For AC systems the calculation of the short-circuit current is more complicated, particularly when generators and motors are both present in the system. The simplest calculations occur when the source of voltage can be assumed to be of constant magnitude during the fault duration. In AC systems the source impedance will be the addition of the cable impedance, busbar impedance, transformer internal impedance, the appropriate internal impedance of the generator, the appropriate internal impedance of the motors in system and the impedance of the overhead transmission lines. 

Zhao, J. (2000) Dijfusion, Costs and Learning in the Development of International Gas Transmission Lines, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg (Austria). 

With further technical improvements, such as faster data transmission lines, the prototype may make it possible to display images of line drawings, not just chemical structures, from STN International files. Images would include spectral data, chemical apparatus, graphs, charts, mechanical drawings, and other line drawings. 

MattiKarjalainen, Unto K. Laine, Timo I. Laakso, and Vesa Valimaki. Transmission-Line Modeling and Real-Time Synthesis of String and Wind Instruments. Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference 293-296 (1991). 

The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is transferred from a source to a load when the internal impedance of the source is equal to the load impedance. In addition, when signals are transmitted over transmission lines it is, in general, necessary that the source and load impedances be matched to the characteristic impedance of the line to avoid reflections and distortion. As mentioned previously transformers are often used to accomplish the necessary impedance matching. The impedance (Z) looking into the primary and secondary terminals of a transformer are... 

For information on modeling of VLSI interconnects and their transmission line treatment, consult the Proceedings of Design Automation Conference and International Conference on Computer-Aided Design. IEEE Transactions on CAD is also an excellent source of information on the subject. 

Dixon, L. B., Transmission Line Diagnostic Techniques, International Confereyice on Revitalizing Trans, and Distr. Systems, lEE, London, 1987. 

The parts of a computer and its memory an< de ices arc joined by buses, each ttf which is a number of transmission lines. For rapid a lion among the various parts of a ci>mputci digital signals making up a word are nsualiv ti simultaneously by the parallel lines of the number of lines in the internal buses <.tl the Cl equal to the size of the word processed by the c For example, the internal bus for a 32-bit CPI 1 32 parallel transmission lines, each of which I one of the 32 bits. 

A loss of off-site power should be assumed coincident with any extreme DBEE if a direct or indirect causal relationship cannot be excluded. Particularly, for DBEEs that are expected to affect the entire site and, therefore, to give rise to a potential for a common cause failure mode, a loss of off-site power should be combined with the DBEE. For other events, a loss of off-site power should be assumed if the location of the transmission lines or the switchyard is such that the direct effects on them of the DBEE could cause a loss of off-site power. For external events such as ship collisions and internal events such as fire or anticipated operational occurrences, a coincident loss of off-site power should be assumed if the event could be expected to result in an unplanned turbine trip or reactor trip that would increase the potential for grid instability. 

The objective of this study is to determine the electric field and magnetic level radiated by the 275kV transmission line as well as to assess the potential EMF exposure received by the residence living at the selected study sites. The electric and magnetic fields level were evaluated and compared to the exposure limit recommended by International Commission of Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). 

These results correspond to those given in Table 1.1 for the 500 kV transmission line shown in Figure 1.25. Because a phase wire is composed of four bundles, the analytical results are four times the internal impedance given in the table. The analytical results agree weU with those in the table, which are calculated using the accurate formula in Section 1.2.1 (Equation 1.9). 

The voltage source E in Figure 2.2 has no internal impedance as an ideal voltage source with infinite capacity. In practice, there exists no ideal source, and any source has its own internal impedance. Also, a transformer is connected with a generator to supply a higher voltage to a transmission line. 

As the first approximation, impedance of a porous electrode can always be considered as a series combination of two processes—a mass-transport resistance inside the pores and impedance of electrochemical reactions inside the pores. De Levie was the first to develop a transmission line model to describe the frequency dispersion in porous electrodes in the absence of internal diffusion limitations [66]. De Levie s model is based on the assumption that the pores are cylindrical, of uniform diameter 2r and semi-infinite length /, not intercoimected, and homogeneously filled with electrolyte. The electrode material is assumed to have no resistance. Under these conditions, a pore behaves like a imiform RC transmission line. If a sinusoidal excitation is applied, the transmission line behavior causes the amplitude of the signal to decrease with the distance from the opening of the pore, and concentration and potential gradients may develop inside the pore. These assumptions imply that only a fraction of the pore is effectively taking part in the double-layer charging process. The RpQi i- [ohm] resistance to current in a porous electrode structure with number of pores n, filled with solution with resistivity p, is ... 

A limited number of stodies have been conducted on the internal repair of steel pipelines using composite material systems. As a consequence, only a few industries have used composite technologies for internal repair. In their report, Bruce et al. (2006) indicated that internal repair would have the best economics for underwater repair locations as it reduces out-of-service time and does not require divers and habitats. Such economics arise because the majority of the gas transmission line companies in the United States consider the ability of the pipeline to remain in service during internal repair to be very important. Moreover, they would considCT internal repair, even if the pipeline needs to be out of service (no flow), only if the pipeline remains pressurised and the line can still be inspected by a pipe inspection gauge after repair. However, these companies have indicated that they would consider performing a repair from inside the pipe once a proven and accepted internal repair system becomes available. Thus, the selection of the most appropriate technique of renovation, particularly on the internal repair of high-pressure and deep water pipeline applications, is a critical and ongoing issue. 

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