Parallel transmission

The parallel data transfer mode is simple to use and allows for greater flexibility than the serial mode. However, it requires numerous connections between the PIA and the A/D convertor, and is, therefore, limited to those cases where the convertor and computer are very close. This type of transmission is very popular in instruments which have a built-in dedicated microprocessor. 

At this point the data acquisition function has been completed. The information concerning the nature of the 

The alternative form of data processing is to store each detector output value as it is received by the computer in RAM or, if desired, on disc and to process the data after the chromatogram 

The data processing techniques so far discussed have been basic and relatively elementary with respect to handling chromatograjMc data. 

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Magnitude comparison relaying for two parallel transmission lines. 

After the analog signal has been converted to digital form the next step is to make the digital data available to the computer. There are two major modes of signal transmission serial transmission and parallel transmission. 

In parallel transmission the outputs of the counter are connected directly to a peripheral interface adapter (PIA) and thence to the data bus of the computer. The computer data bus is a parallel system of conductors by which the binary data is transferred between the central processor, memory and peripheral circuits. As the data bus is used for all data transfer, and each transfer involves different data levels, the data bus can not be continuously connected to the register of the A/D output. The isolation is achieved by means of a series of dual input and-gates with tri-state outputs, one gate for each bit. The and-gate only allows the data on the input to appear at the output on reception of a signal from the computer. 

Pad6 approximations, 215-16 Pairing variables, 467-84, 494-503, 538 Parallel transmission of signals, 561 Partial fractions expansion ... 

Fig. 16 Sample geometry for dynamic anisotropy measurements (a) perpendicular (reflection) geometry and (b) parallel (transmission) geometry...

At 0,3(30%) the first breaking point is encountered. A typical reason may be that the capacity of one of two parallel transmission lines is exceeded. One of the power lines is then not able to handle a fault on the other. The parallel power lines will in this situation acts as a serial structure. The next breaking point is encoimtered at 60% load demand. This situation can be caused by lack of spinning reserve in the system. If the system loses a production unit or a power plant in this situation, the spinning reserve is not large enough to serve the power demand. 

Figure 15.10 Transmission spectrum of sheet polarizer. Single one polarizer Parallel two polarizers with parallel transmission axes Cross two polarizers with orthogonal transmission axes [32]. Reproduced with permission from Meadowlark Optics.

The parts of a computer and its memory an< de ices arc joined by buses, each ttf which is a number of transmission lines. For rapid a lion among the various parts of a ci>mputci digital signals making up a word are nsualiv ti simultaneously by the parallel lines of the number of lines in the internal buses <.tl the Cl equal to the size of the word processed by the c For example, the internal bus for a 32-bit CPI 1 32 parallel transmission lines, each of which I one of the 32 bits. 

The value of the dynamic variable is represented as some encoding of the binary levels. Information in a digitally encoded system can be transmitted through the control loop by two methods the parallel transmission mode and the serial transmission mode. In the former method a separate wire is required for each binary digit in the word, whereas in the latter method a time sequence of pulses over a single wire transmits the whole word. 

The electrostatic sector consists of two curved parallel plates between which is applied a potential difference producing an electric field of strengtir E. Transmission of an ion tlirough the sector is governed by the following relationship... 

Figure C2.17.6. Transmission electron micrograph and its Fourier transfonn for a TiC nanocrystal. High-resolution images of nanocrystals can be used to identify crystal stmctures. In tliis case, tire image of a nanocrystal of titanium carbide (right) was Fourier transfonned to produce tire pattern on tire left. From an analysis of tire spot geometry and spacing, one can detennine that tire nanocrystal is oriented witli its 11001 zone axis parallel to tire viewing direction [217].

Thickness. The traditional definition of thermal conductivity as an intrinsic property of a material where conduction is the only mode of heat transmission is not appHcable to low density materials. Although radiation between parallel surfaces is independent of distance, the measurement of X where radiation is significant requires the introduction of an additional variable, thickness. The thickness effect is observed in materials of low density at ambient temperatures and in materials of higher density at elevated temperatures. It depends on the radiation permeance of the materials, which in turn is influenced by the absorption coefficient and the density. For a cellular plastic material having a density on the order of 10 kg/m, the difference between a 25 and 100 mm thick specimen ranges from 12—15%. This reduces to less than 4% for a density of 48 kg/m. References 23—27 discuss the issue of thickness in more detail. 

In an effort to identify materials appropriate for the appHcation of third-order optical nonlinearity, several figures of merit (EOM) have been defined (1—r5,r51—r53). Parallel all-optical (Kerr effect) switching and processing involve the focusing of many images onto a nonlinear slab where the transmissive... 

Decomposition Flame Arresters Above certain minimum pipe diameters, temperatures, and pressures, some gases may propagate decomposition flames in the absence of oxidant. Special in-line arresters have been developed (Fig. 26-27). Both deflagration and detonation flames of acetylene have been arrested by hydrauhc valve arresters, packed beds (which can be additionally water-wetted), and arrays of parallel sintered metal elements. Information on hydraulic and packed-bed arresters can be found in the Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet G1.3, Acetylene Transmission for Chemical Synthesis. Special arresters have also been used for ethylene in 1000- to 1500-psi transmission lines and for ethylene oxide in process units. Since ethylene is not known to detonate in the absence of oxidant, these arresters were designed for in-line deflagration application. 

These are meant for parallel connections to absorb the reactive power (capacitive current) of the. system and are generally used on transmission and large distribution networks, as shown in Figure 27.8. They may have a fixed or variable reactance, rated continuously, and any of the magnetic characteristics as illustrated in Figure 27.2. Broadly speaking, they can perform the following functions ... 

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