Source impedance

However, the cell voltage is much less than this, typically 0.3-0.4 V due to the losses from poor cathode activity, catalyst loading, and impedance sources within the cell. 

Develop more sophisticated physically meaningful maps of impedance sources in the system as charge/discharge progresses Possibly propose tailor-made materials to reduce or even circumvent these causes of impedance Need to iteratively develop comprehensive models, including consistently reproducible validation tests using EIS and other electrochemical methods to demonstrate model is effective at describing observations... 

GESELOWITZ We also have used this approach. That is, a pressure source with an impedance source together with a Fourier analysis. We showed that analytically, if the time variation is pulsatile, even though it is essentially a non uniform kind of situation, you can use Fourier analysis. In fact, it is fairly common in other electric engineering applications with non linear and non uniform behavior. If you have an essentially uniform time variation, you can use Fourier analysis and get valid information. So despite the claims of Hunter etai, we feel it is a reasonably good approximation to use the Fourier analysis on ventricular pressure and flow. I ll show you some of the results in my forthcoming presentation. 

The electrometer bandwidth characterizes the ac frequencies the electrometer can measure when it is driven from a low-impedance source. The electrometer bandwidth must be higher than the bandwidth of the rest of the potentiostat electronics. The electrometer input capacitance and the reference electrode resistance form an RC filter. If this filter s time constant is too large, it can limit the effective bandwidth of the electrometer and cause system instabilities. Smaller... 

---