Porous 3D Electrode Structures

As noted above porous, 3D electrodes such as foams, felts, cloths and stacked meshes can lead to a substantial scaling of the cell current, particularly with more dilute solutions. This 

In the earlier studies, cells were designed specifically for each type of 3D electrode, but more recently 3D electrodes have been incorporated into conventional parallel plate cells and/or stacks. Often, the electrodes are fabricated from cloths or meshes rather than from thicker materials and, as a result, the current scaling is more modest but still significant. Cloth and felt electrodes within parallel plate cells are common in vanadium flow batteries. 

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