Mass-specific

Acid-Base Behavior. The relative acidity-basicity of the filler, generally determined by measuring the pH value of a slurry of a specific mass of filler in 100 mL of deionized water, can influence the behavior of a filler in some systems. For example, the curing behavior of some elastomers is sensitive to the pH value of carbon black. 

The important point to note here is that the gas-phase mass-transfer coefficient fcc depends principally upon the transport properties of the fluid (Nsc) 3nd the hydrodynamics of the particular system involved (Nrc). It also is important to recognize that specific mass-transfer correlations can be derived only in conjunction with the investigator s particular assumptions concerning the numerical values of the effective interfacial area a of the packing. 

Approaches used to model ozone formation include box, gradient transfer, and trajectoty methods. Another method, the particle-in-cell method, advects centers of mass (that have a specific mass assigned) with an effective velocity that includes both transport and dispersion over each time step. Chemistry is calculated using the total mass within each grid cell at the end of each time step. This method has the advantage of avoiding both the numerical diffusion of some gradient transfer methods and the distortion due to wind shear of some trajectory methods. 

Because of its lower beam energy, a LEIS ion source is much more compact than an accelerator for MeV ions, but it has the same purpose - to provide a beam of ions with well defined energy and mass. In LEIS, the latter demand is fulfilled by a Wien filter that selects ions of one specific mass, as does the deflection magnet in RBS. In... 

Parameter x can be expressed in terms of the ratio of the mass of solid particles settled on the filter plate to the filtrate volume, x, and, instead of r , a specific mass cake resistance, r , is used. That is, r, is the resistance to the flow presented by a uniformly distributed cake in the amount of 1 kg/m. Replacing units of volume by mass, the term r x into the above expression changes to r x,j,. Neglecting the filter plate resistance (i.e., R, = 0), then ... 

Air at sea level exerts a static pressure, due to the weight of the atmosphere, of 1013.25 mhar. The density, or specific mass, at 20°C is 1.2 kg/m . Densities at other conditions of pressure and temperature can he calculated from the Gas Laws ... 

Mass, Specific, of Constituents of Smokeless Propellant. Literature data on the specific mass of over 100 compds are given in Ref. Kopp s additive rule applies with an error generally less than 1%, eg, 1/d — 2 (nj/pj), where nj is % of constituent, pj is specific mass of constituent, and d is specific mass of propellant Ref P. Tavernier, MP 30, 253-96 (1957) CA 53, 1715-16 (1959)... 

It can also be readily seen that the analysis of data may well take a considerable amount of time, often significantly more time than the acquisition of the data itself, and that the use of profiles of specific masses may allow information not readily obvious from other detectors, and even the TIC trace, to be obtained. 

Confirmation of suspected residue findings relies on the various chromatographic principles of cleanup and determination (GPC, NP-LC, GC), and is further supported by re-analysis of the final extract(s) on a GC stationary phase of different polarity, providing modified selectivity, or by the use of GC with specific mass spectrometric detection [GC/MS or gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS)]. 

LC-PB-MS is especially suited to NPLC systems. RPLC-PB-MS is limited to low-MW (<500 Da) additives. For higher masses, LC-API-MS (combined with tandem MS and the development of a specific mass library) is necessary. Coupling of LC via the particle-beam interface to QMS, QITMS and magnetic-sector instruments has been reported. In spite of the compatibility of PB-MS with conventional-size LC, microbore column (i.d. 1-2 mm) LC-PB-MS has also been developed. A well-optimised PB interface can provide a detection limit in the ng range for a full scan mode, and may be improved to pg for SIM analyses. 

Both the Chen and Gross [48] and the Gallo et al. [49] methods have been applied to eliminating compartments. Both derivation methods are based on the specific mass balance equations for the given model structure. Monte Carlo investigations have demonstrated that both methods provide reasonably accurate and precise estimates of partition coefficients from concentration-time data sets containing error, data one is likely to encounter from in vivo studies. 

Solids were characterized by XRD, N2.BET surface area, and FT-IR. The antacid capacity of the synthesized zeolites was evaluated using the methodology reported by Rivera et al. [7] and Linares et al. [6]. The pepsin enzymatic activity was determined by the reaction between a specific mass of the solid and a denatured haemoglobin solution [8]. 

Mass spectra interpretation can be very difficult, especially in the case of a complex sample, so the possibility of chemical imaging can help reduce the complexity of the technique. Indeed, instead of using the spectra of the whole sample, specific mass spectra can be recalculated from a precise area giving more specific information. A general method for spectra examination is described in Figure 15.3 from the global spectrum,... 

In the early 1990s, Bakker and Van den Akker (1991, 1994) introduced an approximate but effective Euler Euler approach (see also A. Bakker s PhD Thesis, 1992) on the basis of a single-phase RANS flow field calculated by FLUENT, a code named GHOST calculated local and averaged values of bubble size db, gas hold-up a, and specific mass transfer rate kfl. 

Finally, Bakker and Van den Akker calculated local values for the specific mass transfer rate kfl, by estimating local Ay-values from local values of the Kolmogorov time scale /(v/e) and by deriving local values of the specific interfacial area a from local values for bubble size and bubble hold-up. 

Computational and Experimental Results for Overall Hold-up 3, Size Mass Transfer Rate kla (from Barker, 1992)... 

Equation 12.3-16 is valid whether heat is transferred to or from the system, and whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic. Note that each term on the left side of equation 12.3-16 may be an input or an output. Furthermore, CP is the molar heat capacity of the system, and is given by equation 12.3-13 as such, it may depend on both T and composition (through /A). The right side of equation 12.3-16 may also be expressed on a specific-mass basis (12.3-11). This does not affect the consistency of the units of the terms in the energy balance, which are usually J s-1. 

To translate this into operational form, we use the total specific mass flow rate, m, rather than molar flow rate, to show an alternative treatment to that used for a BR in Chapter 12. An advantage to this treatment is that in steady-state operation, m is constant, whereas the molar flow rate need not be. Thus, using Tref as a reference temperature... 

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