Range, concentration dynamical

Dynamic range concentration range over which there is a measurable response (Figure 4-12)... 

Therefore, oscillations of K (t) result in the transition of the concentration motion from one stable trajectory into another, having also another oscillation period. That is, the concentration dynamics in the Lotka-Volterra model acts as a noise. Since along with the particular time dependence K — K(t) related to the standing wave regime, it depends also effectively on the current concentrations (which introduces the damping into the concentration motion), the concentration passages from one trajectory onto another have the deterministic character. It results in the limited amplitudes of concentration oscillations. The phase portrait demonstrates existence of the distinctive range of the allowed periods of the concentration oscillations. 

In this context, the value To should be associated with the smallest cooperative relaxation time reflecting the EW dynamics obeying the same VFT temperature law as the main relaxation times x and xmax (see Fig. 26). At the same time, the ratio x/xo is strongly dependent on concentration (Fig. 38). The increase of the ratio x/xo with increase of water content indicates that the EW of glycerol is eroded by water molecules much faster than the main relaxation process. In order to clarify such a mechanism, let us assume that the EW is the result of some fast short-range cooperative dynamics that can be associated with... 

There are two important ranges that are specified for a detector (both GC and LC) and these are the dynamic range and the linear dynamic range. The dynamic range extends from the minimum detectable concentration i.e. the sensitivity) to that concentration at which the... 

Wide linear dynamic range the dynamic range over which the response to concentration is linear. 

Anionic surfactants Water Chloroform UV-Vis 0.08-10 pg ml. 1 Flow injection system sample "infinite volume" ion pairing with methylene blue flow reversals for widen the concentration dynamical range no phase separation [179]... 

Figure 9.14 Concentration dynamic range for the affinity analysis of MutS protein using (A) 1 nM of three individual aptamers with Kd values of 7.6, 46, and 810 nM, and (B) a mixture of 1 nM of these aptamers. Solid lines were calculated with equation (9.10) using the values of TsTd and the concentrations shown. All points except for the squares in part (B) correspond to analyses of MutS in the bare TRIS-acetate buffer. The squares in (A) correspond to analyses of MutS in the presence of fetal bovine serum in the buffer.

Since it emeiged, the idea of reptation motion has rapidly gained great popularity in the polymer community. In fact, it makes testable predictions about a wide range of dynamic properties of polymer concentrates, and also the reptation motion is appealing to physical intuition. Details of the reptation theory and its applications can be found in the book of Doi and Edwards [4]. 

The dynamic range of a detector (D ), is that range over which the detector continues to respond to changes in solute concentration and is not the same as its linear dynamic range. The dynamic range may extend from 1 x lO to 1 x lO g/ml. The use of a detector outside its linear... 

The range of concentrations (dynamic range) over which ESI can be used is only three to four orders of magnitude, after which the ionization process saturates. Therefore, ESI can be thought of as a method in which the amount of ion current that can be produced is limited irrespective of how much material is introduced. The lack of any separation in the flow injection mode makes the problem of selective ionization particularly problematic, as the most polar species will sequester the ionization capacity when mixtures are analyzed. The limited capacity for ionization is less of a problem when LC is used to separate compounds with different polarities, as each compound is ionized individually upon elution from the column. 

No other reactor configuration (batch, semibatch, plug flow) exhibits the range of dynamic behavior of the CSTR. However, over a finite time interval, other configurations can sometimes exhibit a narrower range of dynamic behavior. If a semibatch reactor is operated such that the rate of reaction is just balanced by the rate of dilution from the feed, a pseudo-steady state may exist. In this case, the concentration of reactants and products in the reactor will remain constant over the time interval necessary to fill the reactor [27]. This may be exploited to provide constant polymer properties during the filling and start-up of a CSTR or CSTR train. 

Total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) is a powerful multi-element method, with detection limits in the pg/mL range, a dynamic concentration range of about 4-5 orders of magnitude and an easy quantification by means of internal standardization. The basic difference between classical X-ray fluorescence and TXRF is the improved beam... 

Other important characteristics of a sensor are the detection limit (the lowest detectable concentration), dynamic range (the difference between the highest limit concentration and the detection limit), resolution (the lowest detectable concentration difference), response, and recovery time. Suitability, that is, cost/ price restrictions, is becoming more and more important, becoming the fourth S. 

The concentrated regime is where n > 1/dL ox cp >ap. In this range the dynamic properties of the fibers can be severely affected by fiber-fiber interactions and can lead to solid-like behavior. It is interesting to note that most fiber composites of industrial interest typically have fiber concentrations of ( > 0.1 and fall within the concentrated regime. In addition to the three regimes defined above, molecular theories define a critical concentration in which molecules will preferentially align to form a nematic liquid crystalline phase, a phase intermediate to a purely crystalline phase and an isotropic liquid phase. However, it has yet to be proved that fiber suspensions will also go through this transition (Larson, 1999). 

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