Insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus IDDM

There are multiple causes of diabetes. Whereas the molecular bases of some forms of diabetes are well understood, in many cases etiologies are unknown. It is customary to divide diabetes into two main forms insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), also referred to as Type I or juvenile-onset diabetes, and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also called Type II or maturity-onset diabetes (3). 

Type 1—Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Fonner names of this type of diabetes... 

Spielman RS, McGinnis RE, Ewens WJ. Transmission test for linkage disequilibrium the insulin gene region and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Am J Hum Genet 1993 52[3] 506-516. 

The answer is a. (Hardman, p 1510.) Although the mechanism of action of metformin and other biguanicies is unclear, biguanides virtually never cause hypoglycemia They operate independently of pancreatic p cells but are not useful in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Some possible mechanisms of action are direct stimulation of glycolysis in peripheral tissues, increased sensitivity to insulin, and reduction of glucagon levels. 

Type 1 Autoimmune disease resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. Formerly referred to as juvenile onset diabetes, type I DM or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Ketosis is common in poorly controlled subjects. 

Diabetes mellitus occurs when the human body does not produce enough insulin. This form of diabetes is called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, or juvenile diabetes, or type I diabetes). IDDM is an autoimmune disease (see Exhibit 4.7) in which the j8 cells are targeted by the body s own immune system and progressively destroyed. Once destroyed, they are unable to produce insulin. 

Diabetes mellitus is a very common metabolic disease that is caused by absolute or relative insulin deficiency. The lack of this peptide hormone (see p. 76) mainly affects carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Diabetes mellitus occurs in two forms. In type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM), the insulin-forming cells are destroyed in young individuals by an autoimmune reaction. The less severe type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) usually has its first onset in elderly individuals. The causes have not yet been explained in detail in this type. 

Failure of the body to synthesize sufficient insulin results in the development of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). This is also known as type 1 diabetes or juvenile-onset diabetes (Box 8.1). 

Diabetes meUitus, the most common form of diabetes, is caused by the partial or complete absence of insulin-triggered biological responses. Two forms of diabetes melUtus exist insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes melUtus (NIDDM). 

Diabetes mellitus has been traditionally classified into insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), also known as type I (formerly called juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus), and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also known as type II (formerly referred to as adult-onset diabetes mellitus). There are clearly varying degrees of overlap, and though it is often important to know whether a particular individual possesses relative insulin deficiency or relative insulin resistance or both, some of the more salient differences between IDDM and NIDDM are summarized in Table 67.1. 

Treating Diabetes Mellitus. There are two main types of diabetes. Type I diabetes (previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) is a severe form which occurs most commonly in juveniles and young adults and which results from an absolute insulin deficiency arising from pancreatic B cell destruction, presumably via an immune-mediated mechanism. Type II diabetes (previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) is a milder, heterogeneous form of diabetes which occurs more... 

Over 5% of the population of western nations is afflicted with diabetes. TTie most prevalent form of diabetes, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, or type 11), is commonly associated with obesity and hypertension, and is believed to be the consequence of altered insulin action or insulin secretion (for review see Defronzo, 1988 Defronzo and Ferrannini, 1991). Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM, or type 1 diabetes) accounts for approximately 10% of all cases of diabetes. IDDM is characterized by specific destruction of insulin secreting /3-cells found in islets of Langerhans. Destruction of 80-90% of islet /3-cells causes insulin deficiency and the inability to regulate blood glucose levels. 

Examples of some conditions which are known,or are believed to be, to be autoimmune responses include myasthenia gravis (destruction of acetylcholine receptors), rheumatic fever (a streptococcal infection challenges the immune system and then the immune system mistakes heart tissue for another strep infection), Addison s disease (destruction of the adrenal glands), arthritis (an infection of unknown origin starts the immune response but somehow IgG becomes changed, enough so as to start another IgM response - this time to the body s own IgG), pernicious anemia (inability to process vitamin B12)- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM or type I diabetes), multiple sclerosis, aspermatogenesis, and photosensitivity. 

T Diabetes mellitus, caused by a deficiency in the secretion or action of insulin, is a relatively common disease nearly 6% of the United States population shows some degree of abnormality in glucose metabolism that is indicative of diabetes or a tendency toward the condition. There are two major clinical classes of diabetes mellitus type I diabetes, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and type II diabetes, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), also called insulin-resistant diabetes. 

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is an example of a metabolic disease under active consideration for inducible gene therapy strategies. In this disorder, inflammatory cytokines have been shown to activate apoptosis in pancreatic beta cells. Experimental studies indicate that expression of insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1) can prevent the cytokine-mediated destruction of beta cells of the pancreas (Giannoukakis et al., 2001). Regulated expression of IGF-1 in human pancreatic islets, to preserve beta cell function, may be a useful approach in the treatment of certain types of diabetes (Demeterco and Levine, 2001). 

Noble J, Valdes AM, Cook M, Klitz W, Thomson G, Erlich H. The role of HLA class II genes in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) molecular analysis of 180 Caucasian, multiplex families. Am J Hum Genet 1996 59 1134-1148. 

Diabetes mellitus ( sweet urine ) involves relative over-production of glucose by the liver and under-utilization by other organs. Diabetes is the most serious metabolic disease in terms of its social impact. Obesity and the indulgent Western diet correlates with mature age diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (juvenile diabetes) typically manifests at less than 20 years from autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic (3 cells. Type 1 diabetes is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and is fatal without exogenous insulin. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (mature age diabetes) occurs later in life and typically involves both deficient insulin production and insulin resistance , that is, the target cells are less responsive to insulin. Type 2 diabetes is initially non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) but insulin therapy (in addition to oral antidiabetics) may eventually be required. Hyperglycaemia due... 

An over iew of the di ease diabetes mellitus will be used to supply motivation prior to starling our journey through the pathways of energy production. Diabetes mellitus is a major health concern on a global basis. This disease takes two forms, i-e-, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and nan-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Nutritional intervention is used in the treatment of diabetes, as revealed later in this chapter and in the Obesity chapter. IDDM is easily treated by injections of insulin, while NIDDM is more difficult to tneat. NIDDM is treated with insulin and by weight reduction in obese patients. Use of soluble fiber in the diet may be used in the treatment of both types of diabetes. 

High blood glucose levels occur because of either a deficiency of insulin (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) or the inability of tissues such as adipose and muscle to take up glucose in the presence of normal amounts of insulin (insulin resistance or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM]). If insulin-deficiency diabetes mellitus is untreated, the body responds as if it is starving. Fuel stores are degraded in the face of high blood glucose, and ketoacidosis may occur. Many metabolic pathways are affected. 

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is caused by a decreased ability of the (3 cells of the pancreas to produce insulin. A person with IDDM who has neglected to take insulin injections will have... 

Indicate whether the blood levels of the compounds below would be higher, lower, or the same in a person with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) who fails to take insulin for 2 days compared with a normal person who has just finished dinner. 

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