Apoptosis activator

Protection Against Apoptosis Activated by Reactive Oxygen Species... 

In conclusion, it should be stressed that the competition between pro- and antiapoptotic effects of nitric oxide must probably depends on its relevant levels [137] the low physiological levels of NO principally suppress the apoptotic pathway by several mechanisms, whereas the higher rates of NO production may overcome cellar protective mechanisms and stimulate apoptosis. Furthermore, the simultaneous formation of nitric oxide and superoxide increases the possibility of apoptosis activation due to the formation of peroxynitrite. 

Another gene controlled by p53 is the gene for the Bax protein (Miyashita and Reed, 1995). The Bax protein has an activating function in the initiation of apoptosis. Activation of the p53 protein due to DNA damage can initiate the apoptotic program via stimulation of bax transcription (see Chapter 15). If the transcription regulating function of p53 is lost due to an oncogenic mutation, this apoptotic path caimot be initiated. 

Improved health habits growth factors gene doping, stem cells apoptosis active dephos-phorylation inhibitors (salubrinal)... 

Giannoukakis, N., Mi, Z., Rudert, W.A., Gambotto, A., Trucco, M. and Robbins, P. (2001) Prevention of beta cell dysfunction and apoptosis activation in human islets by adenoviral gene transfer of the insulin-like growth factor I. Gene Ther., 7, 2015-2022. 

Seya et al. describe the isolation of additional resveratrol tetramers, as Vitisin A 67 with cardiomyocyte apoptosis activity (09MI90) for more dimeric resveratrols, cf. (08MI507). 

Sener A, Ozsavci D, Oba R, Demirel GY Uras p Yardimci KT. Do platelet apoptosis, activation, aggregation, lipid peroxidation and plate let-leukocyte aggregate formation occur simultaneously in hyperlipidemia Clin Biochem 2005 38 1081-1087. 

Suppression of colonocyte NF-kB activation (Yin et al., 2001). NF-kB is a transcription factor that regulates several signalling patterns involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis. In many tumors activation of NF-kB promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. Activation of NF-kB is also associated with inflammatory response. 

Opening of the FTP leads to an osmotic disbalance between the mitochondrial matrix and cytosol, swelling of the matrix and, consequently, the loss of integrity of the outer mitochondrial membrane, thus releasing the intermembrane proteins into the cytosol. Among them, four proteins are of interest in this context cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), the second mitochondrial apoptosis-activating protein (Smac also abbreviated DIABLO), and procaspase 9. All these proteins are somehow involved in apoptosis. 

Caspase-2 lch-1 (human), Nedd2 (rat, mouse) Golgin-160, Lamins ( ) Apoptosis (activity suppressed by serum deprivation)... 

Caspase-7 Mch3, ICE-LAP3, CMH-1 PARP, Gas2, SREB1, EMAP II, FAK, Calpastatin, p2l " Apoptosis (activity blocked by clAPI and clAP2). Similar in structure and substrate specificity to caspase-3... 

The effector caspases (caspase-3, caspase-6, caspase-7) are responsible for the morphological and biochemical changes that mark apoptosis. Activation of the effector caspases occurs via cleavage of the proform by activated initiator caspases and often marks the point of no return for cell death. Substrates for effector caspases include the caspases themselves (autoactivation), cytoskeletal components (i.e., actin, fodrin, and cytokeratins), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and nuclear matrix proteins like Lamin B. Detection of caspase-3 expression by immunohistochemistry has been studied extensively due to its apical position in the effector caspase cascade (7-9,11-16). As with the initiator caspases, it is important to determine which form of the enzyme is recognized by the spe-... 

Fig. 13.3 Signaling pathways involved in oxidized phospholipid-induced apoptosis in mammalian smooth muscle and endothelial cells. AIF, apoptosis inducing factor Apaf-1, apoptosis activating factor 1 aSM, acid sphingomyelinase Az-PC azelaoyl acid ester of lyso-PC Cyt c, cytochrome c G-PC, glutaric acid ester of lyso-PC IM, intermembrane space of the mitochondria JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase OV-PC, 5-oxovaleric acid ester of lyso-PC p38, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase PM, plasma membrane...

Since there are not references about apoptosis and geniposide, we could think that the acetylation of geniposide exert apoptosis activation. We suggest future studies of apoptosis with geniposide. 

Apoptosis detected by Western blot analysis Apoptosis activation of caspase-3 [82]... 

Cytochrome c allosterically activates cytosolic apoptosis activating factor (Apaf-1), which activates the initiator caspase-9. Caspase-9, in turn, activates effector caspases-3, -6, and -7 through proteolytic cleavage, which then degrade cytoplasmic proteins. AIF, which has a nuclear targeting sequence, is transported into the nucleus, where it initiates chromatin condensation and degradation. Caspase-2 and caspase-9 also activate CAD, which migrates to the nucleus and hydrolyzes bonds in nuclear DNA. 

Fig. 4.4 Involvement of Fas and NMDA receptors in apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Fas ligand (FasL) Fas receptor (Fas-R) IV-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) cytosolic phospholipase A2 (CPLA2) arachidonic add (ARA) arginine (Arg) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) nitric oxide (NO) superoxide (O2) peroxynitrite (ONOO ) arachidonic add (ARA) lyso-phosphatidylcholine (lyso-PtdCho) platelet-activating factor (PAF) cytochrome c (Cytc) apoptosome complex with apoptosis-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) and poly(ADP)ribose polymerase (PARP) secretory phospholipase (SPLA2) inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) inhibitory form of nuclear factor kappa B (I-kB/NF-kB) nuclear factor xB-response element (NF-kB-RE) inhibitory subunit of NF-kB (I-kB) tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) interleukin-ip (IL-ip) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)...

Fig. 8.6 Interplay between apoptosis, autophagy, and autophagic ceU death. Plasma membrane (PM) reactive oxygen species (ROS) aiginine (Arg) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) nitric oxide (NO) peroxynitrite (ONOO ) arachidonic acid (ARA) cytochrome c (Cytc) apoptosome complex with apoptosis-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) and poly(ADP)ribose polymerase (PARP). Modified from Gorman (2008)...

Liu R, Zhu T, Li D, Gu J, Xia W, Fang Y, et al. Two indolocarbazole alkaloids with apoptosis activity frcm a marine-derived actinomycete. Arch Pharmacol Res 2007 30 270-4. 

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