Instrumentation and Components

Before embarking on descriptions of how the various acoustic-wave devices are connected to the equipment necessary to make basic measurements, an introduction to some of the components and instrumentation used to make measurements on these systems is warranted. 

Active/passive device Active devices require input of power, most often low-level (5-24 V) DC, to achieve their specified function, with the ctmse-quence that their output RF power level can exceed RF input powo-. Passive devices, on the other hand, effect some transformation of the input signal without use of any external power source, so that the output power is always less than or equal to the input power. In the following, simple components are specified as active or passive (note that the addition of an electronic control system, e.g., a motor drive to set the value of a variable attenuator, is not considered grounds for calling a component active). The active/passive distinction is made only for circuit components having an input and output, not for measurement instrumentation (e.g., a frequency counter), the output of which is a visual indication or computer bus-compatible signal. 

Attenuator (passive) In many senses the opposite of an amplifier, diis device diminishes the amplitude of an input signal by a specified fiaction. Variable and step attenuators have a knob or electronic means of varying the extent of attenuation. 

Babin transformer (passive) This high-frequency transformer provides a means for balancing (about ground potential) the signal to or from an IDT, 

Directional cottier (passive) A device having three or more ports that passes the majority of an input signal straight through to its ouqnit while splitting off a small, specified fraction of the signal to send to another device (e.g., a frequency counter). The device is directional because any power returning to the split-off port from the external circuit is diverted either to a fourth port or to an internal load where it is dissipated. 

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The development of cardiac assist devices and other instrumentation and components which come in contact with the cardiovascular system requires materials which will perform in a physiological environment. One particularly difficult application is the diaphragm for blood pumps, which requires an elastomer to undergo cyclic deformation and/or flexing while in contact with blood. 

Next, when instrumentation is implemented in an industrial environment there are many other parameters associated with the final instrument packaging and the electrical and fire hazard safety that need to be addressed. Often these issues are not trivial and can have a profound impact on both the design and final performance of an instrument. In the following sections instrumentation and component technology will be reviewed, and where appropriate the impact of operation in an industrial environment will be addressed. 

Prepare installation report that includes the names and serial numbers of instrument and components, software and firmware versions, actual locations of instrument, manuals, and qualification documentation. Obtain written approval (signatures) from appropriate individuals... 

Instruments and components are accessible for maintenance. Instruments and accessories do not interfere with access to equipment. Instruments and racks are mounted in accordance with drawings and specifications. 

The test setup used in the friction identification experiments is shown in Fig. 9.9. Similar to the test setup shown in Fig. 9.4, only one of the two sliders is included in the setup. The working parts of the test setup are taken from an actual seat adjuster. Two encoders are used to measure the angular displacement of the lead screw and the motor. A load cell is used to measure the force exerted by the pneumatic cylinder. The input voltage and current to the DC motor are also measured. With the help of a controller regulating the current input to the DC motor [119,120], the slider is set to move at near constant preset velocities in the applicable range. The angular velocity of the motor is calculated by numerical differentiation of its measured angular displacement. The motor torque is calculated from the measured input current and the known motor s torque constant. See Table 9.2 for a list of instruments and components of this test setup. 

Depending on Che size of the laboratory, and its activities, additional room space with reduced humidity for storage of electronic Instruments and components, as well as the proper... 

Electrical costs involve four main components (1) power wiring, (2) lighting, (3) transformation and service, and (4) instrument and control wiring. A breakdown of these component costs as a percentage of total elec trical cost is given in Table 9-60. 

Sedimentation systems consist of a collection of components, each of which can be supplied in a number of variations. The basic components are the same, whether the system is for thickening or clarifying tank, drive-support structure, drive unit and lifting device, rake structure, feedwell, overflow arrangement, underflow arrangement, instrumentation, and flocculation facilities. 

I When the system voltage is linear (an ideal condition that would seldom exist) but the load is non-linear The current will be distorted and become non-sinusoidal. The actual current /, (r.m.s.) (equation (23.2)) will become higher than could be measured by an ammeter or any other measuring instrument, at the fundamental frequency. Figure 23.13 illustrates the difference between the apparent current, measured by an instrument, and the actual current, where / = active component of the current... 

The Guidelines for Process Equipment Reliability Data with Data Tables covers a variety of components used in the chemical process industry, including electrical equipment, analyzers, instrumentation and controls, detectors, heat exchangers, piping systems, rotating equipment (pump, compressor, and fan), valves, and fire protection systems. 

Implementation of advanced performance degradation models, necessitate the inclusion of advanced instrumentation and sensors such as pyrometers for monitoring hot section components, dynamic pressure transducers for detection of surge and other flow instabilities such as combustion especially in the new dry low NO combustors. To fully round out a condition monitoring system the use of expert systems in determining fault and life cycle of various components is a necessity. 

Ozonation systems are comprised of four main parts, including a gas-preparation unit, an electrical power unit, an ozone generator, and a contactor which includes an off-gas treatment stage. Ancillary equipment includes instruments and controls, safety equipment and equipment housing, and structural supports. The four major components of the ozonation process are illustrated in Figure 8. 

Trojovsky, M. and S. R. Brown, Data Summaries of Licensee Event Reports ui selected Instrumentation and Control Components at U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants. January 1, 1976-December 31, 1981, Re vision 1, EG G, July 1984. 

DATA BOUNDARY Electrical, instrumentation, and mechanical components in... 

Instrumentation and Methodology. The instrumentation and methodology as applied to the Pediatric laboratory will now be discussed in relationship to particular components which are being assayed. The sequence choosen has no significance other than that these are the tests which are most frequently requested. 

The Instrumentation and Laboratory Improvement (ILI) Program aids in the purchase of laboratory equipment for use in undergraduate laboratories at all levels. Annual funding has been 23 million for the past 5 years and is anticipated to remain at this level for the near future. Typically, 2300 proposals are received, resulting in approximately 600 awards per year. ILI has two components The major one accepts proposals for equipment only, the other, known as Leadership in Laboratory Development, seeks to support the development of exemplary national models for laboratory curricula by providing funds for personnel and supplies as well as for equipment. Five percent of the ILI budget is devoted to Leadership projects, and preliminary proposals are required. A 50% institutional match for equipment costs is necessary for all ILI proposals. The maximum allowable request from NSF is 100,000. In the 1992 competition, 60 proposals to initiate or improve materials science laboratories were received 15 were from departments of chemistry, the remainder from engineering units. 

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