Yellow rain

Yellow Branch Yellow Branch of Citrus Yellow Cross Liquid Yellow Fever Yellow Jack Yellow No. 2 Yellow Rain Yellow Rust Yellow Shoot of Citrus... 

Heyndrickx, A., Sookvanichsilp N., and Van-den H.M. Detection of trichothecene mycotoxins (yellow rain) in blood, urine and faeces of Iranian soldiers treated as victims of a gas attack. Arch. Belg. Suppl, 143, 1984. 

Diagnosis Be suspicious if an aerosol attack occurs in the form of yellow rain with droplets of yellow fluid contaminating clothing and the environment. Confirmation requires testing of blood, tissue and environmental samples. As for treatment, there is no specific antidote however, super-activated charcoal should be given orally if the toxin is swallowed. The only defense is to wear a protective mask and clothing during an attack. No specific immunotherapy or chemotherapy is available for use in the field. 

Yellow Rain A lethal yellow substance thought to have been dispersed aerially as a warfare agent in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan the lethal component is though to have been a trichothecene mycotoxin that was reported to produce severe nausea and vomiting, disturbances in the central nervous system. Fever, chills, and abnormally low blood pressure with a case mortality of approximately 50 percent. 

Throughout recent decades, efforts were made to limit or ban biological weapons, but several nations ignored the 1972 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Biologic and Toxic Weapons and their Destruction. Between 1975 and 1983, Laos and Cambodia came under attack by planes and helicopters that delivered Yellow Rain suspected to contain lethal T-2 mycotoxins. 

T-2, deoxynivalenol) Microdochium nivale S. atra dermatoxin neurotoxin teratogen aleukia, Akakabi-byo disease, stachybotryotoxicosis, esophageal cancer, red mold disease, yellow rain... 

Stanek, J. (1991). Chemical warfare - from Greek fire to yellow rain. Chemicke Listy 85 827-39. 

In early studies, the LD50 values for DAS and T-2 toxin administered i.v. in swine were determined to be 0.37 and 1.3 mg/kg, respectively (Weaver et al., 1978a, b). Acute effects included vomiting, lethargy, frequent defecation, and posterior paralysis. Following the yellow rain ... 

Central nervous system Parenteral, inhalation Parenteral, inhalation Parenteral, dermal Vomiting Sonmolence, confusion, ataxia (DAS, humans), dizziness, vertigo ( yellow rain , humans) Ataxia, posterior paresis (pig) None Not examined Capillary endothelial cell necrosis and hemorrhage (DAS, i.v.)... 

Spyker, M.S., Spyker, D.A. (1983). Yellow rain chemical warfare in southeast Asia and Afghanistan. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 25 335 0. 

Tucker, J.B. (2001). The yellow rain controversy lessons for arms control compliance. Nonproliferation Rev. 8 25-39. 

Watson, S.A., Mirocha, C.J., Hayes, A.W. (1984). Analysis for trichothecenes in samples from southeast Asia associated with yellow rain . Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 4 700-17. 

Katz, R., Singer, B. (2007). Can an attribution assessment be made for Yellow Rain Politics Life Set 26 24 2. 

It is reported that T-2 toxin has been used in biological warfare in Kampuchea, Laos and Afghanistan, by the Russian army under the name of Yellow Rain. 

Nivalenol. Powerful toxin derived from Fusar-ium nivale. Haemorrhagic, vesicant, necrosis producing, nausea, vomiting. Suspected constituent of yellow rain deposits during conflict in South-East Asia, although deposits also said to contain bee excreta. 

T-2 mycotoxins (yellow rain) Mycotoxins of the Trichothecence group Biotoxin Probable... 

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