Perennial ryegrass

Monocotyledonae Poaceae ryegrass, perennial Lolium perenne L. 

A. A. Meharg, and K. Killham, Loss of exudates from the roots of perennial ryegrass inoculated with a range of micro-organisms. Plant Soil / 70 345 (1995). 

The presence of microorganisms in the rhizosphere has been shown to increa.se root exudation (58,61-65). This stimulation of exudation has been shown to occur in the pre.sence of free-living bacteria such as Azospirillum spp. and Azotobacter spp. (66,67) and in the presence of symbiotic organisms such as mycorrhizae (68,69). Increased root exudation has also been shown to be species-specific for example Meharg and Killham (65) found that metabolites produced by Pseudomonas aeru/ inosa stimulated a 12-fold increase in C-labeled exudates by perennial ryegrass. However, under the same conditions, metabolites from an Arthro-bacter species had no effect on root exudation. 

Recently, pulse labeling has frequently been applied to determine the fate of carbon in crops such as barley and wheat and the losses from roots and subsequent microbial transformations. In general, the results indicate that 15-25% of the net " C assimilation is transferred to the roots and that there are seasonal differences in the distribution of assimilated carbon. Meharg and Killham (25) measured the C distribution in perennial ryegrass (L perenne). At 8 days after the pulse with... 

Pulse labeling—laboratory Anaerobiosis Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 39... 

Elevated CO C4 plant compared with C, plant Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) Perennial ryegrass. Wheat (Triiicuni aesti-viim). 40. 41... 

Elevated CO soil type Perennial ryegrass. Festuca arundinacea 57... 

Artificial Controlled-environment laboratory Elevated CO, plant density Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne),v/hite do- 84... 

U. Schenk, R. Manderschied, J. Hugen, and H.-J. Weigel, Effects of CO, enrichment and intraspecific competition on biomass partitioning, nitrogen content and microbial biomass carbon in soil of perennial ryegrass and white clover, J. Exp. Bot. 46 987 (1995). 

In Denmark, Hogh-Jensen (2000) studied the effect of white clover on the nutritional content of the companion perennial ryegrass and found that white clover increased the K and P content in the ryegrass. 

Curll, M.L., Wilkins, R.J., Snaydon, R.W. Shanmugalingham, V.S. (1985) The effects of stocking rate and nitrogen fertilizer on a perennial ryegrass -white clover sward. Grass and Forage Science, 40, 129-40. 

Zoysiagrass Zoysia spp. East Asia Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne Red fescue Festuca rubra Tall fescue Festuca arundinacea Eurasia/Africa North America, Africa, Eurasia Eurasia... 

Tanaka A et al., A symbiosis expressed non-ribosomal peptide synthetase from a mutualistic fungal endophyte of perennial ryegrass confers protection to the symbiotum from insect herbivory, Mol Microbiol 57 1036—1050, 2005. 

Parnell, A. and White, J. (1983) The use of near infra-red reflectance analysis in predicting the digestibility and the protein and water soluble carbohydrate contents of perennial ryegrass. Journal of the National Institute of Agricultural Botany 16, 221-227. 

Wilman, D. and Altimimi, M.A.K. (1982) The digestibility and chemical composition of plant parts in Italian and perennial ryegrass during primary growth. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 33, 595-602. 

Ferris R, Nijs I, Behaeghe T, Impens I (1996) Elevated C02 and temperature have different effects on leaf anatomy of perennial ryegrass in spring and summer. Ann Bot 78 489-497... 

In subsequent years, additional uses were approved in the United States for Atrazine 80W fall application for quackgrass control in com (1961) macadamia nut, chemical fallow following wheat or ecofallow and perennial ryegrass (1962) southern turfgrass species for sod production (1963) pineapple (1964) sorghum and conifer (1965) and rangeland (1975). 

Belcher, J.L. and R.H. Walker (2002). Poa annua and perennial ryegrass removal from bermudagrass turf with TADS 14776. Proc. 

Schortemeyer, M., U.A. Hartwig, G.R. Hendrey, and M J. Sadowsky (1997). Influence of free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) on microbial communities in the rhizosphere of white clover and perennial ryegrass. Soil Biol Biochem., 28 1717-1724. 

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