4- nitrophenol degradation

Nitrophenol degraded rapidly from flooded alluvial and pokkali (organic matter-rich acid sulfate) soils that were inoculated with parathion-enrichment culture containing 5-day-old cultures of Flavobacterium sp. ATCC 27551 and Pseudomonas sp. ATCC 29353 (Sudhaker-Barik and Sethunathan, 1978a). 4-Nitrophenol disappeared completely with the formation of nitrite, particularly in the inoculated soils rather than in the uninoculated soils. 

Spiess et al. (1998) reported that the Mycobacterium sp. Strain HL 4-NT-l utilized 4-nitrophenol as a sole source of nitrogen, carbon, and energy. Under anaerobic conditions, 4-nitrophenol completely degraded to 6-amino-3-methylphenol via the intermediate 4-hydroxyaminotoluene. Under aerobic conditions, 4-nitrophenol degraded slightly releasing small amounts of ammonia. 

Kadiyala and Spain 1998), 4-nitrophenol degradation involves initial hydroxylation to 4-nitrocatechol followed by elimination of nitrite with the formation of benzene-l,2,4-triol before ring fission to P-ketoadipate. In B. sphaericus, the first two reactions are carried out by a single two-component enzyme composed of a flavoprotein reductase and an oxygenase. 

Chrrchi, L. and Ghorbel, A. (2002). Use of Various Ee-modified Montmorillonite Samples for 4-Nitrophenol Degradation by H2O2, Applied Clay Science, 21, pp. 271-276. 

Kitagawa W, N Kimura, Y Kamagata (2004) A novel p-nitrophenol degradation gene cluster from a Grampositive hact c mm Rhodococcus opacus SAOIOI. J Bacteriol 186 4894-4902. 

Gray, K. A. Kamat, P. V. Stafford, U. Dieckmann, M. Mechanistic studies of chloro- and nitrophenolic degradation on semiconductor surfaces. In Aquatic and... 

Zhu X, Ni J (2009) Simultaneous processes of electricity generation and p-nitrophenol degradation in a microbial fuel cell. Electrochem Commun 11 274-277... 

Vincent, T., and Guibal, E. (2004). Chitosan-supported palladium catalyst. 5. Nitrophenol degradation using palladium supported on hollow chitosan fibers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 4233-4240. Vincent, T., Spinelli, S., and Guibal, E. (2003). Chitosan-supported palladium catalyst. II. 

In freshwater systems, the only biodegradation product detected was 4-nitrophenol, which was rapidly utilized and transformed to undetectable metabolites by the microorganisms present. In seawater, the main initial product was methyl aminoparathion, formed by reduction of the nitro group (Badawy and El-Dib 1984). Studies in raw river water showed that 4-nitrophenol and dimethyl thiophosphoric acid are the main degradation products (Eichelberger and Lichtenberg 1971). 

Misra D, Bhuyan S, Adhya TK, et al. 1992. Accelerated degradation of methyl parathion, parathion, and fenitrothion by suspensions from methyl parathion- and />nitrophenol-treated soils. Soil Biol Biochem 24 1035-1042. 

Hofmann KW, H-J Knackmuss, G Heiss (2004) Nitrite elimination and hydrolytic ring cleavage in 2,4,6-tri-nitrophenol (picric acid) degradation. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 2854-2860. 

Systematic studies on the degradation of 4-nitrophenol (Spain et al. 1984) showed that the rates of adaptation in a natural system were comparable to those observed in a laboratory test system and were associated with an increase in the number of degrading organisms by up to 1000-fold. 

A sediment-water system was used to study the partition and the degradation of C-labeled 4-nitrophenol and 3,4-dichloroaniline (Heim et al. 1994). The results clearly illustrated the importance of water-to-sediment partitioning, and that a substantial fraction of the substrates existed in the form of nonextractable residues. 

Nitrophenols are phytotoxic, and dinoseb (6-iec-butyl-2,4-dinitrophenol) has been used as a herbicide, while nitrophenols have been detected in rainwater and plausible mechanisms for their abiotic formation have been proposed (Kohler and Heeb 2003 Vione et al. 2005). The pathway for the degradation of phenols with a single nitro group depends on the position of the substituents, while... 

For the degradation of 4-nitrophenol, two pathways that depend on the organism have been described, and both of them involve monooxygenation to quinones at different stages. This is analogous to that of 4-methyl-5-nitrocatechol, which is produced from 2,4-dinitrotolune and has already been described. 

Meulenberg R, M Pepi, JAM de Bout (1996) Degradation of 3-nitrophenol by Pseudomonas putida B2 occurs via 1,2,4-benzenetriol. Biodegradation 1 303-311. 

Spain JC, DT Gibson (1991) Pathway for degradation of p-nitrophenol in a Moraxella sp. Appl Environ Microbiol 51 812-819. 

Zeyer J, PC Kearney (1984) Degradation of o-nitrophenol and m-nitrophenol by a Pseudomonas putida. J Agric Food Chem 32 238-242. 

It is important to emphasize that the initial metabolites after hydrolysis may be both toxic and sometimes resistant to further degradation. Examples include nitrophenols, whose degradation is discussed in Chapter 9, Part 5 and 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol (Feng et al. 1997), which is produced by the hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos (0,0-diethyl-0-[3,5,6-trichlo-2-pyridyl]phosphorothioate). 

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