Informed material 54 economically

In seeking to understand the emergence of PET, the concept of informed materials is far more incisive than notions of translation for establishing how economic calculability was established for this new plastic. This is because the molecular rearrangement of polyethylene terephthalate into the PET bottle produced rich new information about plastic that was not simply molecular, but also economic and social. While there is no question that R D processes at DuPont were seeking to make the material qualities of polyethylene terephthalate available for economic calculation in the beverages industry, the molecules of polyethylene terephthalate were already economically informed - they were already inscribed with information about plastic s diverse economic and social capacities. 

While the principal value of the book is for the professional chemist or student of chemistry, it should also be of value to many people not especially educated as chemists. Workers in the natural sciences—physicists, mineralogists, biologists, pharmacists, engineers, patent attorneys, and librarians—are often called upon to solve problems dealing with the properties of chemical products or materials of construction. Eor such needs this compilation supplies helpful information and will serve not only as an economical substitute for the costly accumulation of a large library of monographs on specialized subjects, but also as a means of conserving the time required to search for... 

Lower aHphatic amines can be prepared by a variety of methods, using many different types of raw materials. By far the largest commercial appHcations involve the reaction of alcohol with ammonia to form the corresponding amines. Other methods are employed depending on the particular amine desired, raw material availabiHty, plant economics, and the abiHty to seU co-products. The foUowing manufacturing methods are used commercially to produce the lower aLkylamines. Table 5 gives plant and capacity information for these methods. 

In reaction engineering, laboratory catal54ic reactors are tools or instruments to study how catalysts behave in some desired reaction. Quantitatively, the investigator wants to know how much of the desired product can be made per unit weight of catalyst, how much raw material will be used, and what byproducts will be made. This is the basic information needed to estimate the costs and profitability of the process. The economic consequence of our estimates also forces us to clarify what the rate limiting steps are, and how much transfer processes influence the rates, i.e., everything that is needed for a secure scale-up. Making the... 

Following development of the study direction, the evaluation describes the efforts of obtaining and validating process information, and then discusses equipment specifications and a cost estimate of the feasibility or budget type i.e., with plant costs factored from major material. Finally, project economics and financing complete the evaluation. 

Engineering Considerations To effect the good engineering design of an activated carbon adsorption system, it is first necessary to obtain information on the following the actual cubic feet per minute (ACFM) of air to be processed by the adsorber, the temperature of gas stream, the material(s) to be absorbed, the concentration of the material to be adsorbed, and if the intended application is air pollution control such as odor control - then the odor threshold of the material to be adsorbed. In addition, data is needed on the presence of other constituents in the gas stream, and whether or not solvent recovery is economical. 

Once this information has been obtained, the cyclic time of the system can be established. This is primarily an economic consideration, and should be reviewed and reevaluated after the initial sizing of the system. Should the initial capital cost of the adsorber be too high, the cyclic time may be reduced to enable use of a smaller system. In general, the larger the system, the greater the overall efficiency, and the less energy that will be spent per pound of material adsorbed. 

The information in this book is collected from published and unpublished literature. Responsibility for the accuracy of this material is disclaimed, however, responsibility is accepted for the selection, organization, and presentation. The vastness of the information necessitates selectivity in the attempt to make a comprehensive and cohesive presentation. The material is selected to illustrate a procedure or principle not advocacy. Every effort toward objectivity was made to balance human health and safety, environment, economic welfare, and civilization. 

In order to meet the rising demand for information thousands of databases are available worldwide. Nearly all supply technical literature, economic information, patent references, and manufacturers addresses. Materials databases with numerical values are a relatively small part of these programs. Because the majority of these databases are from individual manufacturers of plastics, there is only limited comprehensive, neutral information on most materials in these software programs. 

With regard to the common European market, the European Economic Community (EEC) has undertaken numerous activities concerned with materials and material information systems. In one demonstration program for material databases eleven such databases from various countries in the EEC are being cooperatively developed with joint standards for terminology, data presentation, database access, and the user interface of search commands, aids, and menus. For the materials class of plastics, Polymat was selected to participate in this cooperative work. Interesting developments occur from which the users of central material databases in the entire EEC area can benefit. 

The CRC-Elsevier materials selector , 2nd edition, N.A. Waterman, and M.E Ashby CRC Press (1996) ISBN 0412615509. (Now, also available on CD-ROM). Basic reference work. Three-volume compilation of data for all materials includes selection and design guide. The Materials Selector is the most comprehensive and up-to-date comparative information system on engineering materials and related methods of component manufacture. It contains information on the properties, performance and processability of metals, plastics, ceramics, composites, surface treatments and the characteristics and comparative economics of the manufacturing routes which convert these materials into engineering components and products. 

Scientific American, Materials for Economic Growth. Oct. 1986. See in particular the articles by Chaudhari, P. Electronic And Magnetic Materials, by Rowell, J. M. Photonic Materials, and by Mayo, J. S. Materials for Information and Communication. ... 

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