Manufacturing routes

Comparison of Base Soap Manufacturing Routes. Direct saponification of fats and oils is well known, characteri2ed, and straightforward requires Httle equipment and is relatively energy-efficient. However, it is not very effective with regard to changes in the fats and oils ratio desired for finished soap bar formulations. Furthermore, direct saponification has the drawbacks of lower glycerol yields, limited flexibiUty toward... 

The long-standing manufacturing route to 2-thiopheneacetic acid [1918-77-0] has also involved 2-acetylthiophene. Oxidation with potassium permanganate under controlled conditions leads to 2-thiopheneglyoxyhc acid [4075-59-6], which maybe isolated as ammonium salt. The salt is then carried... 

Note that the squared relationship which was initially used to model the degree of difficulty in obtaining more capable tolerances for a given manufacturing route and product design is being returned by the power law. Similarly, a relationship between the process capability index Cp and q for the components analysed is shown in... 

The CRC-Elsevier materials selector , 2nd edition, N.A. Waterman, and M.E Ashby CRC Press (1996) ISBN 0412615509. (Now, also available on CD-ROM). Basic reference work. Three-volume compilation of data for all materials includes selection and design guide. The Materials Selector is the most comprehensive and up-to-date comparative information system on engineering materials and related methods of component manufacture. It contains information on the properties, performance and processability of metals, plastics, ceramics, composites, surface treatments and the characteristics and comparative economics of the manufacturing routes which convert these materials into engineering components and products. 

Table 1 gives the production capacities of known installations for alkanesulfonates according to the two established manufacturing routes. It is noticeable that most alkanesulfonate capacities are located in Europe and some in the Far East. No installation is known in the Americas. 

Taking the manufacture of polycarbonates as an example, two manufacturing routes are shown in Scheme 3.1. In the first route phosgene is reacted with bisphenol A in dichloromethane. The main environmental concern with this process is the large-scale use of phosgene. In the second... 

In the first half of this section for Efavirenz , we will discuss the process development of the first and the current manufacturing route by going through each topic shown in the following list. 

Preparation and isolation of Efavirenz (first manufacturing route). 

The second generation of asymmetric addition of zinc-cyclopropylacetylide to N-pMB ketone 41 (part of the current manufacturing route). 

This asymmetric addition method is robust and provides the desired chiral alcohol 50 with high ee % and good overall yield and it became a cornerstone for our first manufacturing route of Efavirenz . 

The Second Generation Asymmetric Addition of Zinc-Cyclopropylacetylide to 36 (Part of the Current Manufacturing Route)... 

V.M., Reamer, R.A., Stanik, M., Weissman, S., and Wright, T.). Development of a 2nd Generation, Highly Effident Manufacturing Route for the HIV Integrase Inhibitor Rakegravir Potassium , submitted. 

Surfactants are used in a wide range of fields. By far the most important application is the washing and cleansing sector as well as textile treatment and cosmetics these use over 50% of the total amount of surfactants. Surfactants are also used in the food sector, in crop protection, in mining, and in the production of paints, coatings, inks, and adhesives. The basic manufacturing routes to important surfactants are laid out in Fig. 4.9. It is true that the most important surfactant from the amount produced apart from soap is still the petrochemical-based... 

There are two major manufacturing routes for PEN and PET, i.e. (1) an ester, or (2) an acid process, named according to whether the starting monomer is... 

The manufacturing route, raw materials, and chemicals must be well controlled and meet strict quality requirements (e.g., purity of raw materials, chemicals and intermediates, process steering control, cleaning verification). 

The manufacture routes to toluene, like benzene, include cat reforming, olefin plant production, recovery of the small amounts naturally occurring in crude oil, and coke production. More than two-thirds of toluene comes from cat reforming. The volume of coal-derived toluene, which evolves in the same manner that was described in the benzene chapter, almost rounds off to zero now. 

With that meandering, historical background, it s better to switch to the subject of acrylates to deal with the specific manufacturing routes. In some,... 

In order to develop cost-effective and environmentally friendly chemical processes at the industrial scale, it is essential to integrate biocatalysis and modem chemical catalysis to produce manufacturing routes with fewer synthetic steps, reducing waste steams and improving overall synthetic yields. Normally, in these tandem procedures, the initial step is the preparation of the intermediate by... 

The first manufacturing route of the GEM side-chain relied on a-cyanoketone 125 however, the number of chemical steps from 125 to the final side-chain was reduced by one step (Noh et ah, 2004a). The sequence began with a selective hydrogenation with Raney nickel followed by double bond migration to enamine 131 (Scheme 4.25). The amino functionality of 131 was then monoprotected, and the double bond was reduced under hydrogenation conditions to afford pyrrolidine-3-one 133. Treatment of 133 with methoxylamine yielded methoxyoxime 129. Deprotection of the carbamate functionality was achieved with methanesulfonic acid to afford the C7-side-chain as the bis-methansulfonate salt. 

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