Information accuracy

Assurance on data and information accuracy and management. Those that provide assurance related to the accuracy of reported data and information... 

Neither ICON Group Ltd. nor its employees can be held accountable for the use and subsequent actions of the user of the information provided in this publication. Great efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the data, but we can not guarantee, given the volume of information, accuracy. Since the information given in this report is forward-looking, the reader should read the disclaimer statement and user agreement provisions at the end of this report. 

Information integrity As indicated earlier in this chapter, the information about a shipment is as important, in today s supply chains, as the movement of the shipment itself. Since shipment information is offered to shippers and receivers as a value-added service, the effectiveness with which this information is provided to them must be monitored and measured. Systems to effectively capture, store, and provide shipment information are critical in today s freight transportation business models. The freight-transportation industry will continue to be an information-based industry. Therefore, meiinttiining high levels of information accuracy and integrity will continue to be au important measure of performance. 

Information accuracy It refers to the reliable level of the information displayed by the technology (Tmman 2011 AUsop et al. 2010). 

Information reliability Information accuracy/frequency/ credibility Chen etal., 2000b. 

Bernard, H.R., Killworth, P., Kronenfeld, D., Sailer, L. The problem of informant accuracy The validity of retrospective data. Annual Reviews Anthropology 13 (1984)... 

An advantage of the multibeam sonar compared to the side scan sonar is that the multibeam gives depth information (accuracy 0.05 to 0.10 m in shallow water) over the entire scanned area instead of only the area directly under the side scan sonar fish . However, the range of the multibeam is smaller than that of a side scan and the acoustic image is much less detailed. 

Combining informativeness and accuracy with readability, Stephanie Yanchinski explores the hopes, fears and, more importantly, the realities of biotechnology - the science of using micro-organisms to manufacture chemicals, drugs, fuel and food. 

At each phase of a project cost information is required to enable decisions to be taken. In the conceptual phase these estimates may be very approximate (e.g. + 35% accuracy), reflecting the degree of uncertainty regarding both reservoir development and surface options. As the project becomes better defined the accuracy of estimates should improve. 

In world practice RCT application is considered to the decision of control of the high density objects. The particular feature of RCT is the possibility of the reception of the quantitative information. Besides, the absence of characteristic to X-ray CT result distortions, which are caused by variation of an average value of polychromatic radiation energy, when it passes through an article, promotes the increase of accuracy characteristics of radionuclide CT... 

The procedure of testing must include measurements which have to provide reliable information about the quality of the object to be tested. The list of characteristics of measurement errors is selected on the basis of the required end results, methods of its calculation, form of presentation of the accuracy factors, reliability of the end result. These factors are of utmost attention in attestation of the procedure of testing. 

A number of other software packages are available to predict NMR spectra. The use of large NMR spectral databases is the most popular approach it utilizes assigned chemical structures. In an advanced approach, parameters such as solvent information can be used to refine the accuracy of the prediction. A typical application works with tables of experimental chemical shifts from experimental NMR spectra. Each shift value is assigned to a specific structural fragment. The query structure is dissected into fragments that are compared with the fragments in the database. For each coincidence, the experimental chemical shift from the database is used to compose the final set of chemical shifts for the... 

A ll ide variety of thermodynamic properties can be calculated from compufer simulations a Comparison of experimental and calculated values for such properties is an important way in which the accuracy of the simulation and the underlying energy model can be quantified. Simulation methods also enable predictions to be made of the thermodynamic properties of V.stems for which there is no experimental data, or for which experimental data is difficult or impossible to obtain. Simulations can also provide structural information about the... 

There are a few variations on this procedure called importance sampling or biased sampling. These are designed to reduce the number of iterations required to obtain the given accuracy of results. They involve changes in the details of how steps 3 and 5 are performed. For more information, see the book by Allen and Tildesly cited in the end-of-chapter references. 

There are numerous articles and references on computational research studies. If none exist for the task at hand, the researcher may have to guess which method to use based on its assumptions. It is then prudent to perform a short study to verify the method s accuracy before applying it to an unknown. When an expert predicts an error or best method without the benefit of prior related research, he or she should have a fair amount of knowledge about available options A savvy researcher must know the merits and drawbacks of various methods and software packages in order to make an informed choice. The bibliography at the end of this chapter lists sources for reviewing accuracy data. Appendix A of this book provides short reviews of many software packages. 

QSPR and QSAR are useful techniques for predicting properties that would be very dilficult to predict by any other method. This is a somewhat empirical or indirect calculation that ultimately limits the accuracy and amount of information which can be obtained. When other means of computational prediction are not available, these techniques are recommended for use. There are a variety of algorithms in use that are not equivalent. An examination of published results and tests of several techniques are recommended. 

As stated in earlier prefaces, every effort has been made to select the most useful and reliable information and to record it with accuracy. However, the editor s 50 years of... 

Every effort has been made to select the most useful and most reliable information and to record it with accuracy. However, the editor s many years of involvement with handbooks bring a realization of the opportunities for gremlins to exert their inevitable mischief. It is hoped that users of this handbook will offer suggestions of material that might be included in, or even excluded from, future editions and call attention to errors. These communications should be directed to the editor at his home address (or by telephone). 

Every effort has been made to select the most reliable information and to record it with accuracy. Many years of occupation with this type of work bring a realization of the opportunities for the occurrence of errors, and while every endeavor has been made to prevent them, yet it would be remarkable if the attempts towards this end had always been successful. In this connection it is desired to express appreciation to those who in the past have called attention to errors, and it will be appreciated if this be done again with the present compilation for the publishers have given their assurance that no expense will be spared in making the necessary changes in subsequent printings. 

Before a procedure can provide useful analytical information, it is necessary to demonstrate that it is capable of providing acceptable results. Validation is an evaluation of whether the precision and accuracy obtained by following the procedure are appropriate for the problem. In addition, validation ensures that the written procedure has sufficient detail so that different analysts or laboratories following the same procedure obtain comparable results. Ideally, validation uses a standard sample whose composition closely matches the samples for which the procedure was developed. The comparison of replicate analyses can be used to evaluate the procedure s precision and accuracy. Intralaboratory and interlaboratory differences in the procedure also can be evaluated. In the absence of appropriate standards, accuracy can be evaluated by comparing results obtained with a new method to those obtained using a method of known accuracy. Chapter 14 provides a more detailed discussion of validation techniques. 

A mass spectrometer can measure integer relative mass with high accuracy, but the result is not nearly so informative as measurement of accurate relative mass. An example illustrates the reason. 

However, interpretation of, or even obtaining, the mass spectrum of a peptide can be difficult, and many techniques have been introduced to overcome such difficulties. These techniques include modifying the side chains in the peptide and protecting the N- and C-terminals by special groups. Despite many advances made by these approaches, it is not always easy to read the sequence from the mass spectrum because some amide bond cleavages are less easy than others and give little information. To overcome this problem, tandem mass spectrometry has been applied to this dry approach to peptide sequencing with considerable success. Further, electrospray ionization has been used to determine the molecular masses of proteins and peptides with unprecedented accuracy. 

From a series of isotope ratio measurements, the precision of measurement can be assessed statistically, as shown here. Precision reveals the reproducibility of the measurement method, but it does not provide information on the accuracy of the measurement (see also Figures 48.8 and 48.9). 

For a second series of measurements, the precision is much better than for the series shown in Figure 48.7. Neither Figure 48.8 nor Figure 48.7 reveal any information on the accuracy of measurement. 

In addition, most devices provide operator control of settings for temperature and/or response slope, isopotential point, zero or standardization, and function (pH, mV, or monovalent—bivalent cation—anion). Microprocessors are incorporated in advanced-design meters to faciHtate caHbration, calculation of measurement parameters, and automatic temperature compensation. Furthermore, pH meters are provided with output connectors for continuous readout via a strip-chart recorder and often with binary-coded decimal output for computer interconnections or connection to a printer. Although the accuracy of the measurement is not increased by the use of a recorder, the readabiHty of the displayed pH (on analogue models) can be expanded, and recording provides a permanent record and also information on response and equiHbrium times during measurement (5). 

Another significant benefit of a LIMS is the improvement of the overall quaUty of the laboratory. In the case of a laboratory, quaUty is defined as satisfying customer needs in the areas of accuracy, reUabiUty, clarity, and timeliness of analytical information. LIMS can enhance quaUty in a number of ways, eg, in checking conformance to requirements, in organizing and prioritizing work to ensure timeliness, in measuring laboratory performance in areas of technical quaUty and efficiency so as to provide continuous improvement, and in helping the laboratory to communicate clearly, completely, and consistendy (16). 

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