Industrially contaminated soil

1 Industrially contaminated soil. The investigation, remediation (where necessary) and re-use of derelict and industrially contaminated land is a major concern, particularly in developed countries where legislation exists or is being enacted to promote re-use of brownfield sites and discourage greenfield development. 

There is increasing interest in the use of sequential extraction as a component of a site investigation and in the development of a suitable remediation strategy for contaminated land (Pierzynski, 1998). 

---

Van Herreweghe, S., Swennen, R., Vandecasteele, C. and Cappuyns, V. (2003) Solid phase speciation of arsenic by sequential extraction in standard reference materials and industrially contaminated soil samples. Environmental Pollution, 122(3), 323-42. 

Davidson, C. M., Ferreira, P. C. S., andUre, A. M. (1999). Some sources of variability inapphcation of the three-stage sequential extraction procedure recommended by BCR to industrially-contaminated soil. FreseniusJ. Anal. Chem. 363, 446—451. 

As for the soil compartment, the comet assay on coelomocytes of earthworms (Eisenia foetida) kept in PAH-contaminated soil samples had higher DNA damage than in control samples (Verschaeve, 2002). However no dose-effect relationship was observed. Also, the levels of PAH-DNA adducts in Lumbricus terrestris, another earthworm species, kept on industrially contaminated soils increased with exposure time (Van Schooten et al., 1995). Few surveys have been performed on terrestrial plant species, but trifluralin was shown to induce a significant increase in tail length in the comet assay applied on the leaves of Viciafaba (Bierkens et al., 1998). 

To better understand the step-wise approach for method development and validation, it is necessary to give examples. They are taken from organic and inorganic trace analysis of environmental matrices. Figure 2.2 illustrates the steps for the validation of the analytical procedure for the determination of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) in industrially contaminated soil. Figure 2.3 shows the steps necessary to validate the determination of trace elements and particularly arsenic in a fish tissue. Each step of the procedure will provide the necessary information so that the next step can be done with confidence. In practice, the analyst will develop a procedure to quantify all primary and secondary method characteristics as defined in section 2.1.4. 

Fig. 4.13a. Stability of anthracene in industrial contaminated soil (BCR-CRM 524) after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months storage at temperatures (T) of +20 and +40 C. The results are expressed as a ratio (R) of mean values of 5 measurements performed on samples stored at temperature T and 5 samples stored at -20 °C. The combined uncertainty is calculated as explained in the text. A clear decrease can be noted at +40 °C after 12 months. No instability can be noted at +20 °C...

Joshi MM, Lee SG (1996). Optimization of snrfactant-aided remediation of industrially contaminated soils. Energy Sources 18(3) 291-301. 

Another possible application is the clean-up of industrially contaminated soil. Removal of organics by both carbon dioxide and water under supercritical conditions is being considered. A further possibility is extraction by supercritical water followed by oxidation as part of the same process. Compounds of very high molecular weight may be involved and solubility studies are needed [30]. 

Fismes, J. Perrin-Ganier, C. Empereur-Bissonnet, P. Morel, J.L. (2002). Soil-to-root transfer and translocation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by vegetables grown on industrial contaminated soils. J Environ Qual, 31,1649-1656. 

R. D. Harbison and W. E. Rinehart, eds.. Conclusions of the Expert Review Panel on Chromium Contaminated Soil in Hudson County, New Jersey, Industrial Health Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1990, p. 30. 

USATHAMA) completed a trial burn of explosive, contaminated soil in a rotary kiln (Noland, 1984). Soil contaminated from red and pink water lagoons was successfully burned. A transportable rotary kiln yrstem was set up. The technology by Therm-All, Inc., had been used in industry for destruction of solid wastes. The normal screw feed system was not used, due to fear of a soil explosion during the extruded plug feed process. Therefore, the soil was placed in combustible buckets and individually fed by a ram into the incinerator. The feed rate was 300 to 400 Ib/hr and the operational temperature was 1200° to 1600°F in the kiln and 1600° to 2000°F in the secondary chamber. 

Exposure to trichloroethylene can occur via the inhalation, oral, and dermal routes in people living in areas surrounding hazardous waste sites if evaporation occurs from contaminated soils or spill sites, or if contaminated water is ingested or used in bathing. Individuals who work in the vicinity of industries that use this substance may breathe trichloroethylene vapors or come into physical contact with spilled trichloroethylene. The group with the greatest likelihood for substantial exposure to trichloroethylene consists of those exposed to trichloroethylene in the workplace. 

Sometimes it is impossible to effectively design out waste, and safe means have to be found to dispose of it. Many industrial processes produce relatively high levels of waste in a finely divided or dispersed form, such as ash, contaminated soil, treatment sludges, and so forth. This contaminated material is difficult to handle and process. A common approach to tackling this problem is to stabihse and sohdify the waste using a binder that immobilises contaminants within a hard matrix. This does not destroy the contaminants, but keeps them from moving into the surroimding environment. 

Large oil spills near wells and from tankers pose the most vivid display of concern. However, oil pollution can also be seen in situations such as contaminated soil from automotive fuel spills, industrial spills, tank leaks, and household grease wastes. 

Complex mixtures of contaminants in the soil, such as a mixture of metals, nonvolatile organics, semivolatile organics, and so on, make it difficult to formulate a single suitable washing fluid that will remove all the different types of contaminants from the soil. Sequential washing steps, using different additives, may be needed. In fact, each type of contaminated soil requires a special treatment procedure, which is determined through laboratory or pre-industrial tests, so that system modifications and optimum operative conditions are specified. 

A selective enrichment strategy was pursued in developing biocatalysts for benzothio-phene desulfurization. Oldfield [119] started with contaminated soil samples and isolated two active strains, which were deposited as NUE213E and NUE213F (Accession No NCIMB 40816 and 40817, respectively, at The National Collections of Industrial and Marine Bacteria Limited). Apart from being rod-shaped and Gram positive, there was no other characterization or identification, in the patent document. This patent was published by the US PTO on July 2001 and has not yet been issued. 

The tolerance to high pHs is important in particular for industrial processes using reactive azo dyes, which are usually performed under alkaline conditions. A strain of C. bifermentans selected from a contaminated soil was tested for the ability to decolorize Reactive Red 3B-A at pHs from 5 to 12 while no decolorization was observed at pH 5, the dye was nearly completely decolorized across a broad range of pH values (6-12) after 48 h of incubation in this study a previous analysis of UV/Vis spectra of Reactive Red 3B-A, Reactive Black 5, and Reactive Yellow 3G-P after 0, 12, 24, and 36 h incubation was carried out, showing different decolorization rates for the three dyes, with no change in color content in the abiotic control [5]. 

The WFD, so far, has identified 33 priority hazardous pollutants (PHS), for which Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) have been set. To some extent, these EQS can be met through the establishment of emission control measures. These PHS may originate from several different sources and activities. The main sources of toxic substances to water bodies in Europe may be categorised as agriculture, sewage treatment plants, urban runoff, industry, contaminated lake/ river sediment, soils and landfills. Input via atmospheric transport and deposition has also been identified as an important source both far from and close to source areas. Many of the PS are today banned in Europe, but due to their persistence they are still present in the environment [30]. 

Pine moth, Bupalus piniarius-, pupae whole Finland, 1987 industrialized area vs. reference site Earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus Cardiff, Wales 1984 contaminated soils (2740 mg Cu/kg DW soil) vs. reference site (26 mg Cu/kg DW soil) Max. 137 DW vs. 53 DW 10... 

Given the widespread use of JP-8 in the military and aviation industry, concern about occupational exposure of women of child-bearing age has emerged as this workforce continues to expand. Furthermore, accidental spills associated with pipelines or storage facilities can contaminate soil or water, posing unpredictable health risks to nearby residential areas. Taken together, these concerns provide adequate basis to investigate the developmental toxicity of JP-8. 

---