Industrial contaminant

With the possible exception of systems using sea water, estuarial waters, and/or industrially contaminated waters for cooling, condi-... 

Groundwater Industrial contamination of ground water reserves Reduction of total organic halogens (TOX) and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) including chloroform, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene... 

Site history - industrial contamination, mining, domestic refuse, old foundations, cellars, tunnels ... 

Industrial atmospheres usually accelerate the corrosion of zinc. When heavy mists and dews occur in these areas, they are contaminated with considerable amounts of acid substances such as sulphur dioxide, and the film of moisture covering the metal can be quite acid and can have a pH as low as 3. Under these conditions the zinc is dissolved but, as the corrosion proceeds, the pH rises, and when it has reached a sufficiently high level basic salts are once more formed and provide further protection for the metal. These are usually the basic carbonate but may sometimes be a basic sulphate. As soon as the pH of the moisture film falls again, owing to the solution of acid gases, the protective film dissolves and renewed attack on the metal occurs. Hudson and Stanners conducted tests at various locations in order to determine the effect of atmospheric pollution on the rate of corrosion of steel and zinc. Their figures for zinc are given in Table 4.34 and clearly show the effect which industrial contamination has on the corrosion rate. 

The exposure site is selected according to the service for which the data are to be applicable. For atmospheric service, such factors as marine and industrial contaminants, sunlight, dew and sand abrasion, must be considered. Atmospheric specimens are normally mounted at 45°, facing south. This has been shown to provide about a 2 1 acceleration of failure compared with a vertical exposure. Whether this or other standardised positions are used, the details of the exposure are an important part of the test record. 

Fimreite N, Holsworth WN, Keith JA, Pearce PA, Qruchy IM. 1971. Methyl mercury in fish and fish-eating birds from sites of industrial contamination in Canada. Can Field Natural 85 2211-2220. 

Today, the scientific community can identify tiny trace amounts of chemicals in the environment. A quarter-century after Wallace Carothers introduced science-based industrial research to the United States, Clair Patterson adapted techniques developed for determining the age of the Earth to identify microtraces of global pollutants. Today scientists can analyze industrial contaminants in the parts per billion in 1991 when a university scientist discovered in the atmosphere a harmful, low-level contaminant produced by the manufacture of nylon, industry volunteered within weeks to change production methods. 

The CBMS II is in LRIP by HSSS, and will be fielded in about two years. At that point the CBMS II should be fully certified by the government as a detec-tor/identifier for liquid and vapor CWA, TICS/TIMs, NTA, and BWA. No other integrated system has or will have such a wide range of detection/iden-tification capabilities. It will greatly improve the protection of the military against weapons of mass destruction as well as industrial contaminants. It has obvious applications to homeland security as well. 

Manosa S, Mateo R, Guitart R (2001) A review of the effects of agricultural and industrial contamination on the Ebro delta biota and wildlife. Environ Monitor Assess 71 187-205... 

The WFD, so far, has identified 33 priority hazardous pollutants (PHS), for which Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) have been set. To some extent, these EQS can be met through the establishment of emission control measures. These PHS may originate from several different sources and activities. The main sources of toxic substances to water bodies in Europe may be categorised as agriculture, sewage treatment plants, urban runoff, industry, contaminated lake/ river sediment, soils and landfills. Input via atmospheric transport and deposition has also been identified as an important source both far from and close to source areas. Many of the PS are today banned in Europe, but due to their persistence they are still present in the environment [30]. 

In aquatic environments where point sources of industrial contamination have been identified, the elimination of mercury discharges has usually improved environmental quality. Such improvement has been reported for Minamata Bay (Table 5.4) for sediments in Saguenay Fjord, Quebec,... 

Murphy, B.R., G.J. Atchison, A.W. McIntosh, and D.J. Kolar. 1978. Cadmium and zinc content of fish from an industrially contaminated lake. Jour. Fish Biol. 13 327-335. 

Davidson CM, Duncan AL, Littlejohn D, Garden LM. A critical evaluation of the three-stage BCR sequential extraction procedure to assess the potential mobility and toxicity of heavy metals in industrially-contaminated land. Anal. Chim. Acta 1998 363 45-55. 

Metcalfe JL, Charlton MN. 1990. Freshwater mussels as biomonitors for organic industrial contaminants and pesticides in the St. Lawrence river. Sci Total Environ 97-98 595-615. 

It is important to recognize that cartridge respirators should be used only for protection against those contaminants listed on the filters or cartridges or on their cartons. In particulars, it is important to realize that cartridge respirators do not protect against carbon monoxide, which is a common and dangerous industrial contaminant. 

US Food and Drug Administration (2006) Total Diet Study - Pesticides and industrial contaminants. Analytical results, Revision 3. http //www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/ FoodContaminantsAdulteration/TotalDietStudy/ucml 84293.htm... 

In many cases, a trace element retained on the subsurface soM phase may undergo chemical reactions that induce a hysteresis phenomenon during the release process. A relevant example of hysteresis due to precipitation of some of the initial contaminants is given by the behavior of Cr(VI), an industrial contaminant, which in the subsurface environment may be subject to reduction reactions. When an available source of electrons is present, such as organic matter, Cr(VI) is reduced to Cr(III) the rate of this reaction increases with decreases in pH (Ross et al. 1981). 

The compounds listed in Table III are derived from three principle sources natural products, municipal wastes, and industrial contaminants. Examples of each source are Included in the following discussion. 

Included in the first group of general industrial contaminants are all of the aromatic hydrocarbons (no. 12-31, see Table III], most of the phenolic compounds (no. 32-42), most of the chlorinated species (no. 43-54), and some industrial solvents (no. 85,88,89,95). Almost all of these compounds have been Isolated and identified in urban watersheds (2,25,26) where they appear to arise from automobile emissions, water chlorination, and general urban activities. 

Halliday D.A., Editor. Air Monitoring Methods for Industrial Contaminants, Biomedical Publications, Davis, CA, 1983. 

Because of the large variety of chemical compounds present either naturally or as industrial contaminants in water samples, no single concentration method currently available is adequate for concentrating all organic constituents in a water sample. Consequently, in an attempt to concentrate or isolate as much of the organic matter as possible, most researchers use several methods. The combinations can become quite complex and are technically difficult to achieve (3). 

In addition to the THM methods, EMSL-Cincinnati has developed purge and trap methods for selected halogenated (29) and aromatic (30) compounds that are considered to be chemical indicators of industrial contamination. The methods are applicable to 47 halogenated compounds (Method 502) and 33 compounds that have ionization potentials less than 10.2 eV and that are aromatic or contain a doubly bonded carbon (Method 503). Seven of these compounds are halogenated and are also included in the method for halogenated compounds. Another method, Method 524 (31), provides for GC-MS determination of 28 purgeable volatiles. Single laboratory precision and accuracy data for these compounds are provided in the EMSL methods. 

The Determination of Halogenated Chemical Indicators of Industrial Contamination in Water by the Purge and Trap Method Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH, 1979 Method 502. 

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