Activation strain

The high active tension and/or high active strain that occurs in muscle during lengthening contractions is believed to cause mechanical disruption of muscle fibers and connective tissue (Armstrong, 1984 Lieber and Friden, 1993). Activa-... 

Lieber, R.L. Friden, J. (1993). Muscle damage is not a function of muscle force but active strain. J. Appl. Physiol. 74,520-526. 

Table 9.2 Active strains that have been used in metabolite synthesis... 

Selection of active strains was achieved using the 20-well screening plate system discussed in Section 9.3.3. One screening plate containing 20 actinomycetes strains in malt extract medium was incubated for 2 days at 28 °C and 275 rpm. Dasatinib (2 /xLof a 100 mM solution in DMSO) was added to each well and the plate was incubated for one additional day at 28 °C. Then 1 mL of methanol was added to each well and the plate incubated at 28 °C at 150 rpm for 10 min and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. The supernatant was analyzed by HPLC-UV-MS. LC-UV-MS data showed M20 and M24 were produced by seven strains, from which Streptomyces sp. SC15761 was selected for scale-up based on the yield of M20 (Figure 9.8). 

A selective enrichment strategy was pursued in developing biocatalysts for benzothio-phene desulfurization. Oldfield [119] started with contaminated soil samples and isolated two active strains, which were deposited as NUE213E and NUE213F (Accession No NCIMB 40816 and 40817, respectively, at The National Collections of Industrial and Marine Bacteria Limited). Apart from being rod-shaped and Gram positive, there was no other characterization or identification, in the patent document. This patent was published by the US PTO on July 2001 and has not yet been issued. 

Erythromycin A is produced only microbiologically using active strains of microorganisms of the type Saccharopolospora erythraea [188-191]. 

Kanzaki H, Bazaz R, Schwartzman D, Dohi K, Sade LE, Gorcsan J, III. A mechanism for immediate reduction in mitral regurgitation after cardiac resynchronization therapy insights from mechanical activation strain mapping. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2004 44 1619-25. 

Special flavour-active strains, however, which do not contain ALDB, accumulate a-AL and, as a result of its chemical oxidative decarboxylation, generate high diacetyl levels in dairy products. Consequently, several processes have been patented for the production of natural diacetyl in the past few decades which usually involve a chemically enhanced conversion of a-AL into diacetyl or aim at a-AL itself as the biological product, which can serve as a less-volatile... 

Some strain differences are apparent in digging behaviors. Slow or inactive mouse strains (e.g., 129Sl/SvImJ) may be replaced with more active strains (e.g., C57BL/6 J) to achieve recordable amounts of burying data. It has been observed that younger mice (2-4 months old) tend to show enhanced digging behaviors as opposed to mice over 1-year-old (14). 

Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Saccharification of wood polysaccharides to sugars can be accomplished by enzymatic techniques instead of acid hydrolysis. The U.S. Army Natick Laboratories developed a method for conversion of cellulose to glucose with a cellulose enzyme from an active strain of the fungus Trichoderma viride. However, extensive pretreatment of wood is necessary before sufficient enzymatic hydrolysis will take place. 

Transition metal complexes are used as catalysts and as reagents in the synthesis of imides. Molybdenum hexacarbonyl activates strained aziridines and allows the nucleophilic attack of caibanions. Intramolecular rearrangement and a final oxidation yields imides completely stereospecifically (equation 59).38> Dicobalt octacarbonyl catalyzes the conversion of 3,7-unsaturated amides to imides in the presence of carbon monoxide (equation 60). ... 

Lloyd, J. R., Thomas, G. H., Finlay, J. A., Cole, J. A., and Macaskie, L. E. (1999b). Microbial reduction of technetium by Escherichia coli and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans enhancement via the use of high activity strains and effect of process parameters. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 66, 122-130. 

The anti-bacterial activity of the penicillins stimulated a major search for other antibiotics. Many compounds were isolated from amongst the metabolites of Streptomycetes obtained from soil. These included therapeutically useful antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, the tetracyclines, erythromycin and streptomycin. Several fungi yielded useful compounds. One of these was Cephalosporium acremonium. A biologically-active strain was obtained by Brotzu from a sewage outfall near Cagliari in Sardinia in 1945 and described in 1946. The p-lactam cephalosporin C (1.23) was isolated from this organism in 1954 and its structure determined in 1961 by Abraham and Newton. 

Fig. 3. Effects on increasing the concentration of y-hydroxybutyric acid in the nutrient medium on the spontaneous locomotor activity of Drosophila melanogaster. The active strain (A—A) exhibited spontaneous activity which decreased in inverse proportion to the amount of drug in the medium. The unselected control strain ( — ) was not so affected over the dose range used. Each point is the mean activity of 20 flies at each drug condition, s.e.m. s are indicated by bars.

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