Tail length

Ad layering (Fig. 16a). On the other hand, additional conformational entropy related to the sequenced hydrocarbon-perfluorinated chain prevents the crystallization of the aromatic parts of the molecules in the smectic layers as occurs for hydrocarbon analogues of the same tail length [4]. The stability of Cd phase in polyphilics is more delicate in nature and will be discussed below. 

Rat (Sprague-Dawley) 70 d (W) 38 (decreased body weight and tail length in pups) Hamilton and O Flaherty 1994 PbAc... 

Andersson, M. 1982. Female choice selects for extreme tail length in a widowbird. Nature 299 818-820. 

Pryke, S. R., Andersson, S., and Lawes, M. J. 2001a. Sexual selection of multiple handicaps in the red-collared widowbird Female choice of tail length but not carotenoid display. Evolution 55 1452-1463. 

Woolstencroft, R. N., Beilharz, T. H., Cook, M. A., Preiss, T., Durocher, D., and Tyers, M. (2006). Ccr4 contributes to tolerance of replication stress through control of CRT1 mRNA poly(A) tail length. J. Cell Sci. 119, 5178-5192. 

DNA damage are analyzed with an automatic analyzing system which gives a measurement of DNA tail length and of head DNA %. 

Figure 2. This figure gives a schematic illustration of various fluctuations that exist in lipid bilayers. From top to bottom (1) the increase in area and concomitant reduction in membrane thickness is strongly damped. (2) Up and down movements of the lipids are restricted to small amplitudes, i.e. much less than the tail length. (3) Interpenetration of lipids into the opposite monolayer is, in first approximation, forbidden. (4) Conformations of the lipid tails have only few gauche defects, so that the tail is only slightly curved. Reproduced from (58) with permission from the Biophysical Society...

Figure 20. (a) The (dimensionless) lateral compressibility (dilatational modulus, elastic area expansion modulus) (left ordinate) and the dimensionless area per molecule (right ordinate) as a function of the tail length (t) of the PC lipids in equilibrium bilayer membranes. The conversion to real compressibilities and areas per molecule is discussed in the text, (b) The (dimensionless) surface tension and the (dimensionless) lateral compressibility as a function of the relative expansion for the C PC lipid... 

Bartlett et alP exposed 194 young rats (3-4 weeks old) continuously to ozone at 0.2 ppm for 28-32 days and observed that there was no effect on respiratory frequency, weight gain, tail-length increase, and external appearance in the ozone-exposed group and that, although both ozone-exposed and control groups looked healthy, 12 ozone-exposed and 11 control animals had pneumonitis at the end of the exposure period. The results with the latter animals were discarded in the later data analysis. 

This encapsulation effect was further characterized by determination of the substrate selectivity using substrates of different sizes. Dienophiles with various tail lengths were applied in a 1 1 molar ratio to react with cyclopentadiene in the presence of a catalyst. The smaller dienophile reacted slightly faster than the bulkier one with each of the catalysts investigated (non-dendritic parent complex, G1. Cu(OTf)2, and G3.Cu(OTf)2). More importantly, G3.Cu(OTf)2 (krei = 1.18) displayed higher substrate selectivity than Gl.Cu(OTf)2 (krei = 1.05). 

Other aspects such as the effects of Hgand concentration and free hgand addition to aqueous phase [162,215], the effect of pH and/or ionic strength [162, 215,216], and the extraction mechanism and the effect of the tail length of affinity cosuxfactant [219,220] are also of interest. 

Regarding the pH sensor, the carboxy tail length has been demonstrated as a determinant of pH sensitivity [Liu et al., 1993]. Further investigations [Morley et al., 1996] revealed a new model of intramolecular interactions in which the carboxy terminal serves as an independent domain that, under certain conditions, can bind to another separate domain of the connexin protein (e.g. a region including His-95) and close the channel, comparable to the ball-and-chain model for potassium channels. In this receptor (His-95),... 

Liu S, Tafet S, Stoner L, Delmar M, Vallano ML, Jalife J A structural basis for the unequal sensitivity of the major cardiac and liver gap junctions to intracellular acidification The carboxy tail length. Biophys J 1993 64 1422-1433. 

A full discussion of water penetration into micelles is beyond the scope of this chapter. The results described above, and others employing longer chain keto -surfactants in other micelles and bilayers, indicated a trend toward less water penetration to the core of aggregates as the surfactant tail length increased, and as aggregate curvature decreased (bilayer formation). More data from FT-IR studies... 

Example. The results from surface balance experiments involving surface films of palmitic (C15H31COOH), stearic (C17H35COOH), and cerotic (C25H51COOH) acids show that each exhibits an area per molecule in the monolayer of 21 A2. This is only possible for molecules with such different hydrocarbon tail lengths if they each orient vertically in their respective monolayers. 

Katsural (1987) Determination of bacteriophage-lambda tail length by a protein ruler. Nature 327 73-75... 

The increase in the hydrophilic head group size reduces the amount of adsorbed surfactant at surface saturation. On the other hand, increasing the hydrophobic tail length may increase, decrease or maintain the surfactant adsorption. If the surfactant molecules are not closely packed, the increase in the chain length of the tail increases surfactant adsorption on solid surfaces. If the adsorption of surfactant on the solid surface is due to polarisation of tc electrons, the amount of surfactant adsorbed on the surface reduces at surface saturation. If the adsorbed surfactants are closely packed on the solid surface, increasing the chain length of the surfactant tail will have no effect on the surfactant adsorption. 

For the sake of simplicity, the thickness of the interfacial layer Ro — -Rwl is taken to be the composition average of the surfactant tail length ls and the alcohol tail length lA ... 

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