Industrial waters laboratory testing

Remember that the galvanic series was constructed from laboratory data using sea water as the exposure fluid. When there is a question about galvanic corrosion tendencies in actual industrial environments involving fluids substantially different from sea water, appropriate testing of candidate metals in these fluids may be warranted. 

STABREX Stabilized Liquid Bromine9 is far more stable than liquid chlorine bleach. For example, several tons of the new product were shipped to India and stored for one year above 90 °F. The product remained within specification (less than 10% degraded) for the entire year, after which it was successfully used to control fouling in an industrial water system. Chlorine would have completely degraded in this time under these conditions. Chemical wastage was eliminated. Accident risk in transporting oxidant was reduced because less volume was necessary. Table 2 shows the stability of the new product compared to industrial strength chlorine bleach in well-controlled laboratory tests. 

This natural process by which dissolved and/or particulate surface-active materials end up in the atmosphere has been modeled and studied in the laboratory. As summarized by Detwiler and Blanchard (ref. 46), tests in suspensions of bacteria (ref. 76,96,97), latex spheres (ref. 98), dyes (ref. 99), and in sea water and river water (ref. 96,100,101) have demonstrated successful transfer of all manner of surface-active material from the bulk fluid, or the bulk interface, to the droplets ejected when bubbles burst. (This situation can be pictured as an extension of the common industrial adsorptive-bubble-separation process (ref. 102) into a third dimension or phase — the atmosphere.) Further laboratory tests with various tap waters, distilled waters, and salt solutions have shown that no water sample was ever encountered that did not contain at least traces of surface-active material (ref. 46). 

Many laboratory tests to find the emulsification behavior of inks have been proposed during the past several decades, an early one being Bowles and Reich (3),but only one, Surland (15, 16) suggested that measurement of the rate was more important than the amount emulsified. Since the ink/water interaction on the press is a dynamic one, this approach seems more rational than single point determinations of the percent emulsified, which are widely used in industry. 

Ideally an alternative test for toxic chemicals would be inexpensive. It would not require any specialized equipment, only equipment normally found in a laboratory should be required. The test should not require that the personnel be specially trained in the techniques. It should involve only the procedures that any laboratory worker would know. It should be the sort of test that any laboratory with a tangential interest in toxicology could carry out. Water quality laboratories, industrial safety laboratories, agricultural research laboratories, should be able to carry out the procedure. Small samples should be tested. Tests with fish often involve quite large volumes of toxic chemicals and this can limit their utility. This has been diseussed in detail by Blaise (1991). 

Section HI covers Types of Tests (H. Hack, Section Editor) includirrg laboratory-accelerated tests, field tests, and service tests. The chapters in this section provide basic principles, describe test techniques and specific considerations such as specimen preparation, test duration and acceleration factors, and cite pertinent standards. Chapters included under laboratory tests are electrochemical, cabinet, immersion, high temperature, and high pressure. Field Tests chapters include atmospheric exposure, seawater, fresh water, and soil. Under service tests are industrial applications and high temperature environments. 

Laboratory corrosion tests in industrial water are used to help understand corrosion and inhibition mechanisms and to develop treatment systems. They are helpful in selecting treatments for a given system, but usually fail to model accurately the critical aspects of a field system. 

Choi J-W, Yang K-S, Kim D-J, Lee CE (2009) Adsorption of zinc and toluene by alginate complex impregnated with zeolite and activated carbon. Curr Appl Phys 9(3) 694-697 Chojnacki A, Chojnacka K, Hoffmann J, Gorecki H (2004) The application of natural zeolites for mercury removal from laboratory tests to industrial scale. Min Eng 17(7-8) 933-937 Clancy JL, Hargy TM, Marshall MM, Dyksen JE (1998) UV light inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts. J Am Water Works Assoc 90(9) 92-102... 

ACRYLONITRILE. CH, CHCN. In laboratory tests, alloy 3003 was resistant to acrylonitrile, acrylonitrile saturated with water and water saturated with acrylonitrile at room temperature and w hen exposed to boiling acrylonitrile. Aluminum alloy industrial equipment has been used for the prc uc tion and shipment of acrylonitrile and also in further transforming it into acrylonitrile fiber. See also Ref (Up. 124. (3) pp. 142. 233. (7) p. 

STEAM. H2O. In laboratory tests under static conditions, alloy 3003 was found to be resistant to pure steam over distilled water at temperatures up to 268 C (514°F). In fact, aluminum alloys exposed to steam at these temperatures had improved resistance to corrosion by other environments because of the increased thickness of the oxide film on the surface. In the same tests, steam at 268°C (514°F) was corrosive. High pressure steam can erode aluminum alloys by impingement corrosion erosion, particularly when the jet of steam is perpendicular to the surface. Aluminum alloy equipment including heat exchangers. dryers, steam jacketed kettles, piping have been used to handle steam in the petroleum, chemical and food processing industries. See also Ref (1) p. 144, (2) p. 778, (4) p. 49, (7) p. 175. 

In the early days of the lithium industry considerable attention was paid to the recovery of lithium from moderately high-lithium Clay. Lien (1985) noted that in laboratory tests some clays could have as high as an 80% lithium extraction with a simple sulfuric acid leach, but that most required a more complex process. In brief tests a roast at 750°C with two parts of clay and one part limestone, followed by a leach with an excess of 20% hydrochloric acid gave a 70% lithium yield. In a second series of tests five parts of clay, three parts of gypsum and three parts of limestone were roasted at 900°C. A water leach resulted in an 80% recovery of lithium as lithium sulfate. In the later process the raw materials were first groimd together to a -100 mesh size and then formed into 6.5 mm pellets before being roasted. The pellets reduced the dust loss and increased the particles contact with the flue gas. 

Dioxins are of concern because they accumulate in the biosphere, where they have highly deleterious effects. Tests have shown that when the concentration of dioxins in the blood of laboratory animals reaches a critical level, reproductive and immune system defects result. Moreover, recent data indicate that the concentration of dioxins in the blood of the average U.S. resident has nearly reached that level. A major reason is that dioxins are not veiy water-soluble, so they accumulate in the body rather than being readily processed and excreted. Consequently, several groups, including the American Public Health Association, have issued calls for phasing out the use of industrial chlorine. 

Aluminum trichloride, a cheap, abundant waste product of the chemical industry, forms a gel under certain conditions with carbonates and on mixing with alkalis. Laboratory and field tests showed that aluminum trichloride can be used as a gel-forming agent for reducing the permeability of water-conducting channels [674]. 

---