Industrial wastewater, chlorination

Trace amounts of phenols may occur in many natural waters as well as in domestic and industrial wastewaters. Chlorination of such waters can produce chlorophenols. 

In the chemical industry, titanium is used in heat-exchanger tubing for salt production, in the production of ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and terephthaHc acid, and in industrial wastewater treatment. Titanium is used in environments of aqueous chloride salts, eg, ZnCl2, NH4CI, CaCl2, and MgCl2 chlorine gas chlorinated hydrocarbons and nitric acid. 

J. Katz (ed.). Ozone and Chlorine Dioxide Technology for Disinfection of Drinking Water, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1980, 659 pp. R. G. Rice and M. E. Browning, Ozone Treatment of Industrial Wastewater, Noyes Data Coip., Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1981, 371 pp. 

Some other types of treatment processes that can be employed in the hydrogen cyanide industry include ozonation, to oxidize the wastewater chlorine. Potency of sulfur oxide is also high in the oxidation process. 

Chemical sensors that can be used to identify potential threats to process water and industrial wastewater systems include inorganic monitors (e.g., chlorine analyzer), organic monitors (e.g., total organic carbon analyzer), and toxicity meters. Radiological meters can be used to measure concentrations of several different radioactive species. 

Cutting oils and aqueous metal working fluids Industrial wastewater Agricultural waste and runoff Cyanide contamination Desulfurization of coal fines Chlorinated aliphatics Pesticides... 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Methods for organic chemical analysis of municipal and industrial wastewater. Method 1613—Tetra- through octa-chlorinated dioxins and furans by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS. Washington, DC. Available at http //www.accustandard.com/asi/pdfs/ epa methods/1613.pdf (accessed July 28, 2008). 

Because of their extensive use in industrial activities, phenolic compounds are abundant in many wastewaters. They are present in oil refining, petrochemical, plastic, pesticide, carbon liquefaction, and food processing industrial wastewaters. In addition, phenol-like structures are part of the macromolecular natural humic substances present in water humics are known precursors of trihalomethane compounds in drinking water chlorination [176,177], These compounds are refractory to conventional processes such as biological oxidation because of their toxicity for microorganisms [178]. 

Rajkumar, D. and Kim, J. G. (2006), Oxidation of various reactive dyes with in situ electrogenerated active chlorine for textile dyeing industry wastewater treatment. J. Hazard. Mater., 136(2) 203-212. 

To reduce production of chlorinated organics during bleaching, the pulp and paper industry has replaced chlorine with chlorine dioxide. Chlorine dioxide or its primary precursor, sodium chlorate, can be produced by the low-tonnage chlorine industry with the same hardware that is used for synthesis of chlorine and hypochlorite. This simple transition from chlorine to chlorine dioxide synthesis may be the reason for the less-than-anticipated usage of hydrogen peroxide in the pulp and paper industry. Increasing use of chlorine dioxide could also lead to its applications in other effluent treatment areas such as industrial wastewater remediation. 

As with all aromatic compounds, aromatic amines absorb relatively strongly in the UV region (see Chapter 11). A first study [33], based on the use of the deconvolution method, has been applied to the estimation of aniline derivative concentrations in industrial wastewater. For the purpose, a basis of reference spectra (see Chapter 2) has been defined by including characteristic average spectra for global and chlorinated aniline mixtures. 

Problem Mercury and its compounds have many uses, from fillings for teeth (as a mixture with silver, copper, and tin) to the industrial production of chlorine. Because of their toxicity, however, soluble mercury compounds, such as mercury(II) nitrate, must be removed from industrial wastewater. One removal method reacts the wastewater with... 

Chlorine Dioxide-QOj Chlorine dioxide, like chlorine and hypochlorite, has found wide use as a disinfectant in water treatment/purification and as a bleaching agent in the paper and pulp industry. Unlike chlorine and hypochlorite, however, it is not known to form residual chlorinated organic species when used as a chemical oxidant in treating organic wastewaters [2] and has been shown to react with polyaromatic... 

Srinivasan, K. R., and S. H. Fogler. 1987. Use of modified clays for the removal and disposal of chlorinated dioxins and other priority pollutants from industrial wastewaters. Chemosphere 18( -6) 333-42. 

Unactivated aromatic rings such as benzene show little tendency to chlorinate under water treatment conditions. Biphenyl has been studied somewhat intensively because of concerns that polychlorinated biphenyls might form in wastewaters containing the parent compound, a common dye carrier particularly in the carpet industry. Wastewaters may contain this hydrocarbon at up to 2 mg/L (Gaffney,... 

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a common and troublesome pollutant in industrial wastewaters. One way to remove H2S is to treat the water with chlorine, in which case the following reaction occurs ... 

Chlorination of industrial wastewater and city water supplies presents a potential threat because of the reaction of chlorine with residual concentrations of organic compounds to produce disinfection by-products. 

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