Chlorination, of drinking water

Because the aminophenols are oxidized easily, they tend to remove oxygen from solutions. Hence, if they are released from industrial waste waters into streams and rivers, they will deplete the capacity of these environments to sustain aquatic life. Concern has also been raised that chlorination of drinking water may enhance the toxicity of aminophenols present as pollutants (138) chlorinated aminophenols are known to be more toxic (139). 

The effects of chronic oral exposure to chloroform, as a by-product of the chlorination of drinking water, were evaluated in four epidemiology studies (Alavanja et al. 1978 Cantor et al. 1978 Saurez-Varela et al. 1994 Young et al. 1981). The association between the incidence of gastrointestinal cancer in humans and the chlorination of drinking water is discussed in Section 2.2.2.8. The data from these studies should be viewed with caution as many other known or suspected carcinogens are known to exist in chlorinated drinking water. 

Suarez-Varela MM, Gonzalez AL. 1994. Chlorination of drinking water and cancer incidence. J Environ Path Toxicol Onocol 13(1) 39-41. 

Source By-product in chlorination of drinking water and use of fire extinguishers (quoted, Verschueren, 1983). 

Aldicarb degrades rapidly in the chlorination of drinking water forming aldicarb sulfoxide which subsequently degrades to aldicarb sulfone, (chloromethyl)sulfonyl species and A-chloro-aldicarb sulfoxide (Miles, 1991). 

Uses/Sources. In the manufacture of 2-aminothiazole to facilitate bark removal from tree trunks formed during the chlorination of drinking water a metabolite of vinyl chloride... 

Many undesirable organochlorine compounds are produced by the chlorination of drinking water. Among these are chloroacetic acids and trihalo-methanes. Studies have reported the radiolytic decomposition of CHC13 and related compounds [11-14], An example is shown in Fig. 1, where the concentration decrease for various bromochloromethanes is plotted vs. absorbed dose. A proposed mechanism for the decomposition of CHC13 and formation of by-products, involving the three important radical products of water radiolysis is shown ... 

Trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) is used as a solvent. According to Shelton (1989), it is formed in small quantities during the chlorination of drinking water. Chronic exposure can adversely affect various organs. 

NH3(g), NRT -III Fertilizer, animal feed lots Atmosphere, soil Waters Nitrification of NH4 (from precipitates) leads to acidification of soils Toxicity of NH3 to fish, increased chlorine demand in chlorination of drinking water... 

Table 23.2 Disinfection Byproducts from Chlorination of Drinking Water and Their K(m Values...

Human infertility can result from the action of xenobiotic chemicals on the female reproductive system, the male reproductive system, attack on the fetus, and the induction of effects in utero that are manifest during adulthood, giving rise to a programmed infertility. Spontaneous abortion can ensue when pregnant women are exposed to toxic chemicals such as those in disinfection byproducts produced by the chlorination of drinking water. 

Natural polymers can be alterated by technical processes (e.g. chlorination of drinking water or bleeching processes of paper) and released into the aquatic environment. 

PROBABLE FATE photolysis, could be important, direct photolysis does not occui below the ozone layer, if released to air, the transformation process in the troposphere is reactior with hydroxyl radicals, with an estimated half-life of 6.65 months oxidation, could occur hydrolysis too slow to be important volatilization volatilization has been demonstrated, probabl> an important transport mechanism, if released to water or soil, volatilization will be the dominani fate process, volatilization half-life from rivers and streams 33 min to 12 days with a typical half-life of 35 hrs sorption no information, but adsorption onto activated carbon has been demonstrated biological processes moderate potential for bioaccumulation, metabolization by some aquatic life is known to occur, anaerobic biodegradation may be the major removal process in aquatic regions where volatilization is not possible other reactions/interactions may be formed by a haloform reaction following chlorination of drinking water if sufficient bromide is present... 

Trihalomethane (THM) One of a family of organic compounds with derivatives of methane. THMs are generally by-products of the chlorination of drinking water that contains organic material. 

Concern over the adverse health effects of trace amounts of THMs produced during the chlorination of drinking water has led to the use of nonchlorin-ated disinfection agents, such as ozone (O3), in the treatment of domestic water, particularly in Europe. Ozone has not been extensively employed in the United States because it is difficult to maintain an active residual once the water leaves the treatment plant. Ozone gas is also used in hospitals to sterilize instruments and surgical dressings. 

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