Organic wastewater

Fig. 17. Pretreatment of organic wastewater on trickling filters. Industry types for which coordinates have been plotted are 1, kraft pulp and paper 2, mixed iadustry 3, wet com milling 4, dairy 5, tannery 6, meat packiag 7, food 8, pharmaceutical 9, refinery and 10, textile.

Extraction, employs a liquid solvent to remove certain compounds from another liquid using the preferential solubility of these solutes in the MSA. For instance, wash oils can be used to remove phenols mid polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from die aqueous wastes of synthetic-fuel plants and chlorinated hydrocarbons from organic wastewater. 

Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Thurman EM, Zaugg SD, Barber LB, Buxton HT (2002) Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000 a national reconnaissance. Environ Sci Technol 36 1202-1211... 

Kinney CA, Furlong ET, Zaugg SD, Burkhard MR, Werner SL, Cahill JD, Jorgensen GR (2006) Survey of organic wastewater contaminants in biosolids destined for land application. Environ Sci Technol 40 7207-7215... 

Stackelberg PE, Furlong ET, Meyer MT, Zaugg SD, Henderson AK, Reissman DB (2004) Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant. Sci Total Environ 329 99-113... 

Barnes KK, Kolpin DW, Furlong ET et al (2008) A national reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States—I) Ground-water. Sci Total Environ 402 192-200... 

G. R. Jorgesen (2006). Survey of organic wastewater contaminants in biosohds destined for land apphcation. Environmental Science and Technology 40 7207-7215. 

Kolpin D.W., M. Skopec, M.T. Meyer, E.T. Furlong, and S.D. Zaugg (2004). Urban contribution of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants to streams during differing flow conditions. Environmental Science and Technology 38 119-130. 

One of the pivotal papers to raise awareness of the issue of PIE, particularly in the United States, was the US Geological Survey (USGS) National Reconnaissance programme on pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other wastewater contaminants in United States streams [10]. The work provided the first nationwide survey for these contaminants in the United States, and the results were, to many people, startling. The study analyzed samples from a network of 139 streams across the country for 95 organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) including 30 veterinary and human antibiotics and prescription medications and 14 artificial and naturally occurring steroids and hormones. Out of the 95 OWCs analyzed, 82 were detected in at least one sample and at least one OWC was detected in 80% of the samples collected. 

In treating organic wastewaters, substantial differences exist between the reaction mechanisms of UV/H202 oxidation and UV irradiation or H202 oxidation alone. 

Lay et al., 1999 Fan et al., 2002). For example, Fan et al. have successfully used a heat-shocked cow dung compost to convert a simulated organic wastewater into hydrogen gas (Fan et al., 2003). 

Zhou, M., Dai, Q., Lei, L., Ma, C. and Wang, D. (2005), Long life modified lead dioxide anode for organic wastewater treatment Electrochemical characteristics and degradation mechanism. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(1) 363-370. 

Figure 8 Organic wastewater contaminants by general use category. Emerging organic contaminants in US streams, as reported by the US Geological Survey can be broken down into 15 categories. A shows the frequency of detection, and B shows the fraction of the total measured concentration (%). The number of compounds in each category is shown above the bars in A (Reprinted with permission from ref 159, American Chemical Society, 2002)...

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